Magnetochemistry

This is a book about things in magnetism that interest me. I think that these are important things which will interest a number of other chemists. The restriction is important, because it is difficult to write well about those things which are less familiar to an author. In general, the chemistry and physics of coordination compounds are what this book is about. Magnetochemistry is the study of the ground states of metal ions. When the ions are not interacting, then the study of single-ion phenomena is called paramagnetism. When the metal ions interact, then we are concerned with collective phenomena such as occur in long-range ordering. Several years ago, Hans van Duyneveldt and I published a book that explored these subjects in detail. Since that time, the field has grown tremendously, and there has been a need to bring the book up to date. Furthermore, I have felt that it would be useful to include more subsidiary material to make the work more useful as a textbook. This book is the result of those feelings of mine.

1. Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Diamagnetism.- 1.3 Atomic Term Symbols.- 1.4 Paramagnetism.- 1.5 Some Curie Law Magnets.- 1.6 Curie-Weiss Law.- 1.7 Temperature Independent Paramagnetism.- 1.8 References.- 1.9 General References.- 1.10 Appendix.- 1.10.1 Physical Constants and Units.- 1.10.2 Hyperbolic Functions.- 1.10.3 Magnetic Moment of a Magnetic Ion Subsystem.- 1.10.4 Reference.- 2. Paramagnetism: Zero-Field Splittings.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Van Vleck’s Equation.- 2.3 Paramagnetic Anisotropy.- 2.4 Spin-Orbit Coupling.- 2.5 Effective Spin.- 2.6 Direct Measurement of D.- 2.7 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance.- 2.8 References.- 3. Thermodynamics.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Thermodynamic Relations.- 3.3 Thermal Effects.- 3.4 Adiabatic Demagnetization.- 3.5 Schottky Anomalies.- 3.6 Spin-Lattice Relaxation.- 3.7 References.- 4. Paramagnetism and Crystalline Fields: The Iron Series Ions.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Magnetic Properties of Free Ions.- 4.3 Quenching of Orbital Angular Momentum.- 4.4 Coordination Compounds.- 4.5 Jahn-Teller Behavior.- 4.6 The Iron Series Ions.- 4.6.1 Titanium (III).- 4.6.2 Vanadium (III).- 4.6.3 Vanadyl.- 4.6.4 Chromium (III).- 4.6.5 Manganese (II).- 4.6.6 Iron (III).- 4.6.7 Chromium (II), Manganese (III) and Iron (II).- 4.6.8 Cobalt (II).- 4.6.9 Nickel (II).- 4.6.10 Copper (II).- 4.7 References.- 5. Introduction to Magnetic Exchange: Dimers and Clusters.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Energy Levels and Specific Heats.- 5.3 Magnetic Susceptibilities.- 5.4 Copper Acetate and Related Compounds.- 5.5 Some Other Dimers.- 5.6 EPR Measurements.- 5.7 Clusters.- 5.8 The Ising Model.- 5.9 References.- 6. Long-Range Order. Ferromagnetism and Antiferromagnetism.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Molecular Field Theory of Ferromagnetism.- 6.3 Thermal Effects.- 6.4 Molecular Field Theory of Antiferromagnetism.- 6.5 Ising, XY, and Heisenberg Models.- 6.6 Dipole-Dipole Interactions.- 6.7 Exchange Effects on Paramagnetic Susceptibilities.- 6.8 Superexchange.- 6.9 Field Dependent Phenomena.- 6.9.1 Spin Flop.- 6.9.2 Field Induced Ordering.- 6.10 Ferromagnets.- 6.11 Ferrimagnetism.- 6.12 Canting and Weak Ferromagnetism.- 6.13 Characteristic Behavior of the 3d Ions.- 6.14 References.- 7. Lower Dimensional Magnetism.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 One-Dimensional or Linear Chain Systems.- 7.2.1 Ising Systems.- 7.2.2 Heisenberg Systems.- 7.2.3 XY Systems.- 7.2.4 Some Other Aspects.- 7.3 Long-Range Order.- 7.4 Alternating Linear Chains.- 7.5 Spin-Peierls Systems.- 7.6 Two-Dimensional or Planar Systems.- 7.7 CaCu(0Ac)4 · 6H20.- 7.8 Metamagnetism.- 7.9 Canting and Weak Ferromagnetism.- 7.10 Some Ferromagnetic Linear Chains.- 7.11 Solitons.- 7.12 References.- 8. The Heavy Transition Metals.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Molybdenum (III).- 8.3 Ruthenium (III).- 8.4 Rhenium (IV).- 8.5 Osmium (III).- 8.6 Iridium (IV).- 8.7 References.- 9. The Rare Earths or Lanthanides.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Cerium.- 9.3 Praseodymium.- 9.4 Neodymium.- 9.5 Samarium.- 9.6 Europium.- 9.7 Gadolinium.- 9.8 Terbium.- 9.9 Dysprosium.- 9.10 Holmium.- 9.11 Erbium.- 9.12 Thulium.- 9.13 Ytterbium.- 9.14 Some Other Systems.- 9.15 References.- 10. Selected Examples.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Hydrated Nickel Halides.- 10.3 Tris (dithiocarbamates) of Iron (III).- 10.4 Spin-3/2 Iron (III).- 10.5 Manganous Acetate Tetrahydrate.- 10.6 Polymerie NiX2L2.- 10.7 Hydrated Nickel Nitrates.- 10.8 The Pyridine N-Oxide Series.- 10.9 The A2[FeX5(H20)] Series of Antiferromagnets.- 10.10 Some Dilution Experiments.- 10.11 Biomagnetochemistry of Cobalt (II).- 10.12 References.- 11. Some Experimental Techniques.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Specific Heat Measurements.- 11.3 Gouy and Faraday Balances.- 11.4 Susceptibilities in Alternating Fields.- 11.5 Anisotropic Susceptibilities.- 11.6 References.- Formula Index.