Volume I: Foundations and Methods Part 1: Precursors 1. J. K. Chambers, ‘Louis Gauchat, Proto-Variationist’, Historiographica Linguistica, 2008, 35, 215–25. 2. John Fischer, ‘Social Influences on the Choice of a Linguistic Variant’, Word, 1958, 14, 47–56. Part 2: Theoretical Principles 3. William Labov, ‘The Linguistic Variable as a Structural Unit’, Washington Linguistics Review, 1966, 3, 4–22. 4. Henrietta Cedergren and David Sankoff, ‘Variable Rules: Performance as a Statistical Reflection of Competence’, Language, 1974, 50, 333–55. 5. Gillian Sankoff, ‘A Quantitative Paradigm for the Study of Communicative Competence’, in Richard Bauman and Joel Sherzer (eds.), Explorations in the Ethnography of Speaking (Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 18–49. Part 3: Foundational Studies 6. William Labov, ‘Contraction, Deletion, and Inherent Variability of the English Copula’, Language, 1969, 45, 715–62. 7. Walt Wolfram, ‘The Relationship of White Southern Speech to Vernacular Black English’, Language, 1974, 50, 488–527. 8. Shana Poplack, ‘"Sometimes I’ll Start a Sentence in Spanish y Termino en Español": Toward a Typology of Codeswitching’, Linguistics, 1980, 18, 581–618. Part 4: Methods 9. William Labov, ‘Some Principles of Linguistic Methodology’, Language in Society, 1972, 1, 97–120. 10. Barbara Horvath and David Sankoff, ‘Delimiting the Sydney Speech Community’, Language in Society, 1987, 16, 179–204. 11. Walt Wolfram, ‘Identifying and Interpreting Variables’, in Dennis Preston (ed.), American Dialect Research (John Benjamins, 1993), pp. 193–221. 12. Renee Blake, ‘Defining the Envelop of Linguistic Variation: The Case of "Don’t Count" Forms in the Copula Analysis of African American Vernacular English’, Language Variation and Change, 1997, 9, 57–79. 13. Robert Bayley, ‘The Quantitative Paradigm’, in J. K. Chambers and Natalie Schilling (eds.), The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, 2nd edn. (Wiley-Blackwell, 2013), pp. 85–107. Volume II: Issues and Debates in the study of variation Part 1: The Nature of the Linguistic Variable 14. Beatriz Lavandera, ‘Where Does the Sociolinguistic Variable Stop?’, Language in Society, 1978, 7, 171–82. 15. Jenny Cheshire, ‘Syntactic Variation and Beyond: Gender and Social Class Variation in the Use of Discourse-New Markers’, Journal of Sociolinguistics, 2005, 9, 479–508. Part 2: Style 16. Allan Bell, ‘Language Style as Audience Design’, Language in Society, 1984, 13, 145–204. 17. Natalie Schilling-Estes, ‘Investigating "Self-conscious" Speech: The Performance Register in Ocracoke English’, Language in Society, 1998, 27, 53–83. Part 3: Perception, Processing, and Attitudes 18. Kathryn Campbell-Kibler, ‘The Nature of Sociolinguistic Perception’, Language Variation and Change, 2009, 21, 135–56. 19. William Labov, Sharon Ash, Maya Ravindranath, Tracey Weldon, Maciej Baranowski, and Naomi Nagy, ‘Properties of the Sociolinguistic Monitor’, Journal of Sociolinguistics, 2011, 15, 431–64. 20. Dennis Preston, ‘Language with an Attitude’, in J. K. Chambers and N. Schilling (eds.), The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, 2nd edn. (Wiley-Blackwell, 2013), pp. 158–86. Part 4: Functional Compensation 21. Judith Hochberg, ‘Functional Compensation for /-s/ Deletion in Puerto Rican Spanish’, Language, 1986, 62, 609–21. 22. Richard Cameron, ‘Ambiguous Agreement, Functional Compensation, and Nonspecific Tú in the Spanish of San Juan, Puerto Rico and Madrid, Spain’, Language Variation and Change, 1993, 5, 304–34. Part 5: The Role of Frequency in Variation and Change 23. Joan Bybee, ‘Word Frequency and Context of Use in the Lexical Diffusion of Phonetically Conditioned Sound Change’, Language Variation and Change, 2002, 14, 261–90. 24. James A. Walker, ‘Form, Function, and Frequency in Phonological Variation’, Language Variation and Change, 2012, 24, 397–415. Part 6: The Origins of African American English 25. Guy Bailey, ‘The Relationship Between African American and White Vernaculars in the American South’, in Sonja L. Lanehart (ed.), Sociocultural and Historical Contexts of African American English (John Benjamins, 1998), pp. 53–92. 26. Shana Poplack, ‘How English Became African American English’, in Ans van Kemenade and Bettelou Los (eds.), The Handbook of the History of English (Wiley-Blackwell, 2006), pp. 453–76. 27. John R. Rickford, ‘Against Consensus: Challenging the New Anglicists’ Contentions Concerning the Development of AAE’, Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Symposium about Language and Society: Austin, April 15–17, 2005, Texas Linguistic Forum, 2006, 49, 22–38. 28. Walt Wolfram, ‘Reexamining the Development of African American English: Evidence from Isolated Communities’, Language, 2003, 79, 282–316. Volume III: Language Change Part 1: Starting Points 29. William Labov, ‘The social Motivation of a Sound Change’, Word, 1963, 19, 273–309. 30. Anthony Kroch, ‘Reflexes of Grammar in Patterns of Language Change’, Language Variation and Change, 1989, 1, 199–244. Part 2: Apparent time, Age Grading, Life Span 31. Guy Bailey, Thomas Wikle, Jan Tilley, and Lori Sand, ‘The Apparent Time Construct’, Language Variation and Change, 1991, 3, 241–64. 32. Suzanne Evans Wagner, ‘Age Grading in Sociolinguistic Theory’, Language and Linguistics Compass, 2012, 6, 371–82. 33. Gillian Sankoff, ‘Adolescents, Young Adults and the Critical Period: Two Case Studies from Seven-Up’, in Carmen Fought (ed.), Sociolinguistic Variation (Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 121–39. Part 3: Types of Change 34. Gregory R. Guy, ‘The Sociolinguistic Types of Language Change’, Diachronica, 1990, 7, 47–67. 35. Carmen Silva-Corvalán, ‘Bilingualism and Language Change: The Extension of Estar in Los Angeles Spanish’, Language, 1986, 62, 587–609. 36. Matthew J. Gordon, ‘Theoretical and Methodological Issues in the Study of Chain Shifts’, Language and Linguistics Compass, 2011, 5, 784–94. Part 4: Change in Syntax, Morphology, and Phonology 37. Hans Van de Velde, Roeland van Hout, and Marinel Gerritsen, ‘Watching Dutch Change: A Real Time Study of Variation and Change in Standard Dutch Pronunciation’, Journal of Sociolinguistics, 1997, 1, 361–91. 38. Ruth King, France Martineau, and Raymond Mougeon, ‘The Interplay of Informal and External Factors in Grammatical Change: First-person Plural Pronouns in French’, Language, 87, 470–509. 39. Ann Taylor and Susan Pintzuk, ‘The Interaction of Syntactic Change and Information Status Effects in the Change from OV to VO in English’, Catalan Journal of Linguistics, 2011, 10, 71–94. Part 5: Grammaticalization 40. Gillian Sankoff and Penelope Brown, ‘The Origins of Syntax in Discourse: A Case Study of Tok Pisin Relatives’, Language, 1976, 52, 631–66. 41. Ziqiang Shi, ‘The Grammaticalization of the Particle le in Mandarin Chinese’, Language Variation and Change, 1989, 1, 99–114. Part 6: New Varieties 42. Paul Kerswill and Ann Williams, ‘Creating a New Town Koine: Children and Language Change in Milton Keynes’, Language in Society, 2000, 29, 65–115. 43. Ricardo Otheguy, Ana Celia Zentella, and David Livert, ‘Language and Dialect Contact in New York: Toward the Formation of a Speech Community’, Language, 2007, 83, 770–802. Volume IV: Internal and External Constraints Part 1: Internal Constraints 44. Gregory Guy and Sally Boyd, ‘The Development of a Morphological Class’, Language Variation and Change, 1990, 2, 1–18. 45. Ann Houston, ‘A Grammatical Continuum for (ING)’, in Peter Trudgill and J. K. Chambers (eds.), Dialects of English: Studies in Grammatical Variation (Longman, 1991), pp. 241–57. 46. Thomas Wasow, ‘Remarks on Grammatical Weight’, Language Variation and Change, 1997, 9, 81–105. 47. Miriam Meyerhoff, ‘Animacy in Bislama? Using Quantitative Methods to Evaluate Transfer of a Substrate Feature’, in James Stanford and Dennis Preston (eds.), Variation in Indigenous Minority Languages (John Benjamins), pp. 369–96. Part 2: Gender and Sexuality 48. Peter Trudgill, ‘Sex, Covert Prestige and Linguistic Change in the
