Hate Crime

In the United Kingdom, an official definition of hate crime is ‘any criminal offence which is perceived, by the victim or any other person, to be motivated by hostility or prejudice towards someone based on a personal characteristic’, but this critical criminological concept is increasingly recognized, theorized, and researched beyond British and North American jurisidictions. The archetypal hate crime is a racist offence, but the category can also include religiously motivated, homophobic, disablist, and transphobic crimes, and may extend to other types of victimization such as ‘gendered hostility’, ‘elder abuse’, and even attacks on alternative subcultures and violence against prostitutes and the homeless. Hate crime is widely recognized as a particularly wicked form of behaviour, not least because of the especially deleterious impact it can have upon its victims, their families, and wider communities. Now, to enable users to make sense of a complex and contested corpus of international scholarship, Routledge announces Hate Crime, a new title in its Critical Concepts in Criminology series. This four-volume ‘mini library’ enables users to consult influential texts, both old and new, and to trace the development of this important area of research and study. With a full index, together with a comprehensive introduction, newly written by the editor, which places the collected material in its historical and intellectual context, Hate Crime is an indispensable work of reference. It is destined to be valued by scholars, students, and researchers as a vital research resource.

Hate Crime: Critical Concepts in Criminology Edited by Philip Bean Volume I Preface Introduction Contents Acknowledgements Part 1. Hate Crimes: Arguments For and Against 1. K. Ingram, Fear and Hatred: An Analysis of Hate Crime Arguments (2009). 2. C. H. Wellman, ‘A Defence of Stiffer Penalties for Hate Crime’, Hypatia 21, 2, 2006, 62-80. 3. D. M. Adams, ‘Punishing Hate and Achieving Equality’, Criminal Justice Ethics 24, 1, 2005, 19-30. 4. P. Iganski, ‘Hate Crimes Hurt More’, American Behavioural Scientist 45, 4, 2001, 626-638. 5. J. Waldron, ‘Ronald Dworkin and the Legitimacy Argument’, in The Harm in Hate Speech (Harvard University Press, 2012), pp. 173-203. 6. B. A. McPhail, ‘Hating Hate: Implications of Hate Crime Legislation’, Social Service Review 74, 4, 2000, 635-653. 7. D. M. Kahan, ‘Two Liberal Fallacies in the Hate Crime Debate’, Law and Philosophy 20, 2, 2001, 175-193. 8. H. M. Hurd, ‘Why Liberals Should Hate "Hate Crime Legislation"’, Law and Philosophy 20, 2, 2001, 215-232. 9. V. Jenness, ‘Managing Differences and Making Legislation: Social Movements and the Radicalisation, Sexualisation, and Gendering of Federal Hate Crime Law in the U.S. 1985- 1998’, Social Problems 46, 4, 1999, 548-571. 10. J. B. Jacobs and K. Potter, ‘Identity Politics and Hate Crime’, in Hate Crimes: Criminal Law and Identity Politics (Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 130-144. 11. J. B. Jacobs and K. Potter, ‘Policy Recommendations’, in Hate Crimes: Criminal Law and Identity Politics (Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 145-153. Part 2. Policing and Sentencing Hate Crime Offenders 12. C. Turpin-Petrosino, ‘Criminal Justice Responses’, in Understanding Hate Crimes: Acts Motives Victims and Justice (Routledge, 2015), pp. 170-191. 13. M. Walters, ‘Conclusion: Uncovering Hidden Truths’, in Hate Crime and Restorative Justice (Clarendon Studies in Criminology, 2014), pp. 236-260. 14. M. Walters and C. Hoyle, ‘Healing Harms and Engendering Tolerance: The Promise of Restorative Justice for Hate Crime’, in N. Chakraborti (ed.), Hate Crime: Concepts, Policy Future Directions (Willan, 2010), pp. 228-248. 15. T. Isaacs, ‘Domestic Violence and Hate Crime: Acknowledging Two Levels of Responsibility’, Criminal Justice Ethics 20, 2, 2001, 31-43. 16. N. Hall, ‘Policing Hate Crime in London and New York: Some Reflections on the Factors Influencing Effective Law Enforcement, Service Provision and Public Trust and Confidence’, International Review of Victimology 18, 1, 2012, 73-87. 17. G. Mason, J. McCulloch and J. Maher, ‘Policing Hate Crime: Markers for Negotiating Common Ground in Policy Implementation’, Policing and Society 2015. 18. N. Chakraborti, ‘A Glass Half Full? Assessing Progress in the Policing of Hate Crime’, Policing 3, 2, 2009, 121-128. 19. V. Keilinger and S. Paterson, ‘Policing Hate Crime in London’, American Behavioural Scientist 51, 2, 2007, 196-204. 20. J. G. D. Grieve, ‘Intelligence and Hate Crime’, in N. Hall, A. Corb, P. Giannasi and J. Grieve (eds), The Routledge International Handbook on Hate Crime (Routledge, 2014), pp. 343-355. Volume II Contents Acknowledgements Part 3. Victims and Perpetrators 21. Home Office/Ministry of Justice, ‘Hate Crime by Motivating Factor’, An Overview of Hate Crime in England and Wales, 2013, pp. 23-27. 22. P. Iganski, ‘Hate Crime’, in F. Brookman, M. Maguire, H. Pierpoint and T. Bennett (eds), Handbook on Hate Crime (Willan Publishing, 2010), pp. 351-365. 23. N. Hall, ‘Understanding Hate Crimes: Sociological and Criminological Perspectives’, in N. Hall A. Corb, P. Giannasi and J. Grieve (eds), Routledge International Handbook of Hate Crime (Routledge, 2015), pp. 69- 80. 24 J. Garland, ‘Difficulties in Defining Hate Crime Victimisation’, International Review of Victimology 18, 1, 2012, 25-37. 25. N. Chakraborti and J. Garland, ‘Reconceptualizing Hate Crime Victimization through the Lens of Vulnerability and "Difference"’, Theoretical Criminology 16, 4, 2012, 499-514. 26. R. Grattet, ‘The Urban Ecology of Bias Crime: A Study of Disorganised and Defended Neighbourhoods’, Social Problems 56, 1, 2009, 132-150. 27. K. Benier, R. Wickes and A. Higginson, ‘Ethnic Hate Crime in Australia: Diversity and Change in the Neighbourhood Context’, British Journal of Criminology 2015. 28. P. Iganski and A. Sweiry ‘How "Hate" Hurts Globally’, adapted and amended from P. Iganski and J. Lewin (eds), Hate Crime: A Global Perspective (Routledge, 2015). 29. K. Quarmby, ‘The Hounding of Fiona Pilkington: The Hidden Victims of Hate Crime’, in K. Quarmby (ed.), Scapegoat: Why We are Failing Disabled People (Portobello Books, 2011), pp. 151-161. Part 4. Race, Religion and Ethnicity 30. C. Turpin-Petrosino, ‘International Perspectives’, in C. Turpin-Petrosino (ed.), Understanding Hate Crimes: Acts, Motives, Victims and Justice (Routledge, 2015), pp. 191-219. 31. B. Perry, ‘Disrupting the Mantra of Multiculturalism: Hate Crime in Canada’, American Behavioral Scientist 59, 13, 2015, 1637-1654. 32. M. Duggan, ‘Sectarianism and Hate Crime in Northern Ireland’, in N. Hall, A. Corb, P. Giannasi and J. Grieve (eds), Routledge International Handbook of Hate Crime (Routledge, 2015), pp. 117-128. 33. J. M. Post, ‘When Hatred is Bred in the Bones: Psycho-cultural Foundations of Contemporary Terrorism’, Political Psychology 26, 4, 2005, 615-636. 34. I. Disha, J. Cavendish and R. D. King, ‘Historical Events and Spaces of Hate: Hate Crime against Arabs and Muslims in Post-9/11 America’, Social Problems 58, 1, 2011, 21-46. 35. D. Gadd, ‘Aggravating Racism and Elusive Motivation’, British Journal of Criminology 49, 2009, 755-771. 36. J. Glaser, J. Dixit and D. P. Green, ‘Studying Hate Crime with the Internet: What Makes Racists Advocate Racial Violence?’, Journal of Social Issues 58, 1, 2002, 177-193. 37. I. Zempi, ‘Responding to the Needs of Victims of Islamophobia’, in N. Chakraborti and J. Garland (eds), Responding to Hate Crime (Policy Press, 2015), pp. 113-125. Part 5. Hating Disability 38. Equality and Human Rights Commission, ‘Hidden in Plain Sight: Inquiry into Disability Related Harassment (Executive Summary)’, 2011, pp. 3-12. 39. E. Emerson and A. Roulstone, ‘Developing an Evidence Base for Violent and Disablist Hate Crime in Britain: Findings from the Life Opportunities Survey’, Journal of Interpersonal Violence 29, 17, 2014, 3086-3104. 40. S. Clement et al., ‘Disability Hate Crime and Targeted Violence and Hostility: A Mental Health and Discrimination Perspective’, Journal of Mental Health 20, 3, 2015, 219-225. 41. C. Sin, ‘Hate Crime against People with Disabilities’, N. Hall, A. Corb, P. Giannasi and J. Grieve (eds), Routledge International Handbook of Hate Crime (Routledge, 2015), pp. 193- 206. 42. C. Sin, ‘Using a "Layers of Influence" Model to Understand the Interaction of Research, Policy and Practice in Relation to Disablist Hate Crime’, in N. Chakraborti and J. Garland (eds), Responding to Hate Crime (Policy Press, 2015), pp. 99-112. 43. K. Quarmby, ‘Media Reporting and Disability Hate Crime’, in A. Roulstone and H. Mason-Bish (eds), Disability Hate Crime and Violence (Routledge, 2013), pp. 46-54. 44. J. Garland and P. Hodkinson, ‘Fxxxx freak! What the Hell Do You Think You Look Like?: Experiences of Targeted Victimization Among Goths and Developing Notions of Hate Crime’, British Journal of Criminology 54, 4, 2014, 613-631. 45. H. Mason-Bish, ‘Conceptual Issues in the Construction of Disability Hate Crime’, in A. Roulstone and H. Mason-Bish (eds), Disability Hate Crime and Violence (Routledge, 2013), pp. 15-22. 46. P. Thomas, ‘Hate Crime or Mate Crime? Disablist Hostility, Contempt and Ridicule’, in A. Roulstone and H. Mason-Bish (eds), Disability Hate Crime and Violence (Routledge, 2003), pp. 86-92. Volume III Contents Acknowledgements Part 6. Gender and Transgender Identity 47. L. Turner, S. Whittle and R. Combs, ‘Transphobic Hate Crime in the European Union’, (Press for Change, 2009), pp. 1-34. 48. R. Stotzer, ‘Violence Against Transgen