Gender Hierarchy in the Qur'an Medieval Interpretations, Modern Responses

This book explores how medieval and modern Muslim religious scholars ('ulama') interpret gender roles in Qur'anic verses on legal testimony, marriage, and human creation. Citing these verses, medieval scholars developed increasingly complex laws and interpretations upholding a male-dominated gender hierarchy; aspects of their interpretations influence religious norms and state laws in Muslim-majority countries today, yet other aspects have been discarded entirely. Karen Bauer traces the evolution of their interpretations, showing how they have been adopted, adapted, rejected, or replaced over time, by comparing the Qur'an with a wide range of Qur'anic commentaries and interviews with prominent religious scholars from Iran and Syria. At times, tradition is modified in unexpected ways: learned women argue against gender equality, or Grand Ayatollahs reject sayings of the Prophet, citing science instead. This innovative and engaging study highlights the effects of social and intellectual contexts on the formation of tradition, and on modern responses to it.

Introduction; 1. Women's testimony and the gender hierarchy; 2. Modern readings of women's testimony; 3. From a single soul: women and men in creation; 4. Contemporary reinterpretations of the creation narrative; 5. Who does the housework? The ethics and etiquette of marriage; 6. The marital hierarchy today; Conclusion.

Karen Bauer is a Research Associate in Qur'anic Studies at the Institute of Ismaili Studies in London. Her publications include articles on the Qur'an, the genre of tafsir and gender, as well as an edited volume entitled Aims, Methods and Contexts of Qur'anic Exegesis (2nd/8th–9th/15th Centuries) (2014).