Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Power Plants

This book covers the design, analysis, and optimization of the cleanest, most efficient fossil fuel-fired electric power generation technology at present and in the foreseeable future. The book contains a wealth of first principles-based calculation methods comprising key formulae, charts, rules of thumb, and other tools developed by the author over the course of 25+ years spent in the power generation industry. It isfocused exclusively on actual power plant systems and actual field and/or rating data providing a comprehensive picture of the gas turbine combined cycle technology from performance and cost perspectives. Material presented in this book is applicable for research and development studies in academia and government/industry laboratories, as well as practical, day-to-day problems encountered in the industry (including OEMs, consulting engineers and plant operators).

1 Introduction 1.1 Note on Units 2 Prerequisites 2.1 Books And Periodicals 2.2 Software Tools 2.3 Codes And Standards 2.4 References 3 Bare Necessities 3.1 Why Combined Cycle? 3.2 Combined Cycle Classification 3.3 Simple Calculations 3.4 Operability 3.5 References 4 Gas Turbine 4.1 Brief Overview 4.2 Rating Performance 4.3 Technology Landscape 4.4 Basic Calculations 4.5 Fuel Flexibility 4.6 References 5 Steam Turbine 5.1 Impulse vs. Reaction 5.2 Last Stage Bucket 5.3 Basic Calculations 5.4 References 6 Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) 6.1 Fundamentals of Heat Recovery 6.2 HRSG Performance Calculations 6.3 Supplementary (Duct) Firing 6.4 Supercritical Bottoming Steam Cycle 6.5 References 7 Heat Sink Options 7.1 Water-Cooled Surface Condenser 7.2 Wet Cooling Tower 7.3 Circulating Water Pumps And Piping 7.4 Air-Cooled (Dry) Condenser 7.5 Heat Sink System Selection 7.6 Heat Sink Optimization 7.7 References 8 Combining The Pieces 8.1 Topping Cycle 8.2 Bottoming Cycle 8.3 Combined Cycle 8.4 History 8.5 State Of The Art 8.6 The Hall of Fame 8.7 References 9 Major Equipment 9.1 Gas Turbine Package 9.2 Steam Turbine Package 9.3 Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) 9.4 AC Generator 9.5 Scope of Supply 9.6 References 10 Balance of Plant 10.1 Electrical Equipment 10.2 Pipes and Valves 10.3 Pumps 10.4 Tanks 10.5 Auxiliary Boiler 10.6 Fuel Gas Booster Compressor 10.7 Fuel Gas Heating And Conditioning System 10.8 Closed Cooling Water (CCW) System 10.9 Water Facilities 10.10 References 11 Construction And Commissioning 11.1 Procurement 11.2 Construction 11.3 Startup and Commissioning 11.4 Acceptance Tests 11.5 General Arrangement 12 Environmental Considerations 12.1 Air Permits 12.2 CEMS System 12.3 Noise Abatement 12.4 Selective Catalytic Reduction 12.5 References 13 Economics 13.1 Price vs. Cost 13.2 Cost Estimation 13.3 Cost of Electricity 13.4 Value of 1 Btu/kWh of Heat Rate 13.5 Bottoming Cycle "Optimization" 13.6 References 14 Cogeneration 15 Operability 15.1 Steady State Operation 15.2 Transient Operation 15.3 GTCC Startup - Basics 15.4 GTCC Startup – Practical Considerations 15.5 GTCC Shutdown 15.6 Emergencies 15.7 Grid Code Compliance 15.8 References 16 Maintenance 16.1 Maintenance Costs 16.2 Important Metrics 16.3 Failure Mechanisms 16.4 References 17 Repowering 17.1 Which Repowering? 17.2 Cost of Repowering 17.3 An Example Calculation 17.4 Takeaways 17.5 References 18 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle 18.1 Syngas-Fired Gas Turbine 18.2 Bottoming Cycle 18.3 Gasification 18.4 Example 18.5 References 19 Carbon Capture 19.1 Post-Combustion Carbon Capture Basics 19.2 Simple Calculations 19.3 References 20 What Next? Appendix A. Property Calculations B. Standard Conditions For Temperature And Pressure C. Exergetic Efficiency C.1 Bottoming Cycle Exergy Balance D. Thermal Response Basics E. Steam Turbine Stress Basics E.1 Differential Expansion E.2 Rotor Thermal Stress E.3. References F. Carbon Capture

Dr. S. Can Gülen (PhD 1992, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY), PE, ASME Fellow, has 25 years of mechanical engineering experience covering a wide spectrum of technology, system, and software design, development (GTPRO/MASTER, Thermoflex), assessment, and analysis, primarily in the field of steam and gas turbine combined cycle (109FB-SS, IGCC 207FB, H-System) process and power plant turbomachinery and thermodynamics (in Thermoflow, Inc., General Electric and Bechtel). Dr. Gülen has authored/co-authored numerous internal/external archival papers and articles (40+), design practices, technical assessment reports, and US patents (20+) on gas turbine performance, cost, optimization, data reconciliation, analysis and modelling.