Gas Pipeline Hydraulics

This practical handbook explains how to understand and apply fluid mechanics principles when working in the gas pipeline transmission and distribution industry, without resorting to complicated formulas and theorems. This simplified approach enables quick understanding of the concepts. It also offers a practical way to apply the engineering principles in solving day-to-day problems encountered in transmission and distribution. The author uses real life experience to illustrate application of engineering principles and provides in-depth discussion on topics such as design and operation of gas pipelines, pressure drop formulas, and economic analysis of gas pipeline transportation.

In your day-to-day planning, design, operation, and optimization of pipelines, wading through complex formulas and theories is not the way to get the job done. Gas Pipeline Hydraulics acts as a quick-reference guide to formulas, codes, and standards encountered in the gas industry. Based on the author's 30 years of experience in manufacturing and the oil and gas industry, the book presents a step-by-step introduction to the concepts in a practical approach illustrated by real-world examples, case studies, and a wealth of problems at the end of each chapter.Avoiding overly complex equations and theorems, Gas Pipeline Hydraulics demonstrates the calculation of pressure drop using various commonly accepted formulas. The author extends this discussion to determine total pressure required under various configurations, the necessity of pressure regulators and control valves, the comparative pros and cons of adding compressor stations versus pipe loops, mechanical strength of the pipeline, and thermal hydraulic analysis. He also introduces transient pressure analysis along with references for more in-depth study. The text concludes with the economic aspects of pipeline systems.Containing valuable appendices that provide conversions from USCS to SI units, tables of properties of natural gas, commonly used pipe sizes, and allowable internal and hydrotest pressures, this is the most easy-to-use, hands-on reference for gas pipelines available.

GAS PROPERTIESMass and WeightVolumeDensity, Specific Weight, and Specific VolumeSpecific GravityViscosityIdeal GasesReal GasesNatural Gas MixturesPseudo-Critical Properties from Gas GravityImpact of Sour Gas on Non-Hydrocarbon ComponentsCompressibility FactorHeating ValueSummaryProblemsReferencesPRESSURE DROP DUE TO FRICTIONBernoulli's EquationFlow EquationsGeneral Flow EquationEffect of Pipe ElevationsAverage Pipe Segment PressureVelocity of Gas in a PipelineErosional VelocityReynolds Number of FlowFriction FactorColebrook-White EquationTransmission FactorModified Colebrook-White EquationAmerican Gas Association (AGA) EquationWeymouth EquationPanhandle A EquationPanhandle B EquationInstitute of Gas Technology (IGT) EquationSpitzglass EquationMueller EquationFritzsche EquationEffect of Pipe RoughnessComparison of Flow EquationsSummaryProblemsReferencesPRESSURE REQUIRED TO TRANSPORTTotal Pressure Drop RequiredFrictional EffectEffect of Pipeline ElevationEffect of Changing Pipe Delivery PressurePipeline with Intermediate Injections and DeliveriesSeries PipingParallel PipingLocating Pipe LoopHydraulic Pressure GradientPressure Regulators and Relief ValvesTemperature Variation and Gas Pipeline ModelingLine PackSummaryProblemsReferencesCOMPRESSOR STATIONSCompressor Station LocationsHydraulic BalanceIsothermal CompressionAdiabatic CompressionPolytropic CompressionDischarge Temperature of Compressed GasHorsepower RequiredOptimum Compressor LocationsCompressors in Series and ParallelTypes of Compressors-Centrifugal and Positive DisplacementCompressor Performance CurvesCompressor Station Piping LossesCompressor Station SchematicSummaryProblemsReferencesPIPE LOOPS VERSUS COMPRESSIONPurpose of a Pipe LoopPurpose of CompressionIncreasing Pipeline CapacityReducing Power RequirementsLooping in Distribution PipingSummaryProblemsReferencesPIPE ANALYSISPipe Wall ThicknessBarlow's EquationThick-Walled PipesDerivation of Barlow's EquationPipe Material and GradeInternal Design Pressure EquationClass LocationMainline ValvesHydrostatic Test PressureBlowdown CalculationsDetermining Pipe TonnageSummaryProblemsReferencesTHERMAL HYDRAULICSIsothermal versus Thermal HydraulicsTemperature Variation and Gas Pipeline ModelingReview of Simulation Model ReportsSummaryProblemsReferencesTRANSIENT ANALYSIS AND CASE STUDIESUnsteady FlowCase StudiesSummaryProblemsReferencesVALVES AND FLOW MEASUREMENTSPurpose of ValvesTypes of ValvesMaterial of ConstructionCodes for Design and ConstructionGate ValveBall ValvePlug ValveButterfly ValveGlobe ValveCheck ValvePressure Control ValvePressure RegulatorPressure Relief ValveFlow MeasurementFlow MetersVenturi MeterFlow NozzleSummaryProblemsReferencesPIPELINE ECONOMICSComponents of CostCapital CostsOperating CostsDetermining Economic Pipe SizeSummaryProblemsReferencesAPPENDIX A: UNITS AND CONVERSIONSAPPENDIX B: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF VARIOUS GASESAPPENDIX C: PIPE PROPERTIES-US CUSTOMARY SYSTEM OF UNITSAPPENDIX D: GASMOD OUTPUT REPORTAPPENDIX E: SUMMARY OF FORMULASINDEX