Fire Safety Engineering Design of Structures

Designing structures to withstand the effects of fire is challenging, and requires a series of complex design decisions. This third edition of Fire Safety Engineering Design of Structures provides practising fire safety engineers with the tools to design structures to withstand fires. This text details standard industry design decisions, and offers expert design advice, with relevant historical data. It includes extensive data on materials’ behaviour and modeling -- concrete, steel, composite steel-concrete, timber, masonry, and aluminium. While weighted to the fire sections of the Eurocodes, this book also includes historical data to allow older structures to be assessed. It extensively covers fire damage investigation, and includes as far back as possible, the background to code methods to enable the engineer to better understand why certain procedures are adopted. What’s new in the Third Edition? An overview in the first chapter explains the types of design decisions required for optimum fire performance of a structure, and demonstrates the effect of temperature rise on structural performance of structural elements. It extends the sections on less common engineering materials. The section on computer modelling now includes material on coupled heat and mass transfer, enabling a better understanding of the phenomenon of spalling in concrete. It includes a series of worked examples, and provides an extensive reference section. Readers require a working knowledge of structural mechanics and methods of structural design at ambient conditions, and are helped by some understanding of thermodynamics of heat transfer. This book serves as a resource for engineers working in the field of fire safety, consultants who regularly carry out full fire safety design for structure, and researchers seeking background information. Dr John Purkiss is a chartered civil and structural engineer/consultant and former lecturer in structural engineering at Aston University, UK. Dr Long-Yuan Li is Professor of Structural Engineering at Plymouth University, UK, and a Fellow of the Institution of Structural Engineers.

Fire Safety Engineering Design Concerns Control of Ignition Control of Flammability Control of Growth of Fire Fire Safety Management Means of Escape Detection and Control of the Fire Fire Detection Smoke Control Fire Fighting Systems Compartmentation Fire Spread between Structures Structure Collapse Regulatory Control Fire Precautions during Construction and Maintenance Summary Active Measures Passive Measures Design Philosophies Ambient Limit State Design Fire Limit States Load-Bearing Capacity Criterion Insulation Criterion Determination of Partial Safety Factors Assessment Models Assessment Method-level 1 Assessment Method-level 2 Assessment Method-level 3 Practical Considerations Applicability of Assessment Levels Interaction Between Active and Passive Measures Prescriptive Approach Standard Fire Test Drawbacks to the Fire Test Expense Specimen Limitations Effect of Restraint or Continuity Confidentiality of Results Loading Failure Modes Reproducibility Prescriptive Determination of Fire Resistance Concrete Structural Steelwork Masonry Timber Behaviour of Natural Fires Development of Compartment Fires Pre-flashover Period Post-flashover Period Decay Phase Factors Affecting the Growth Phase Calculation of Compartment Temperature-Time Responses Estimation of Fire Characteristics Fire Severity and Time Equivalence Localized Fires Zone Modelling and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Properties of Materials at Elevated Temperatures Thermal Data Materials Data Constitutive Stress-Strain Laws Calculation Approach Thermal Analysis Calculation of Temperature in Timber Element Structural Analysis Coupled Heat and Mass Transfer in Concrete Volumetric Fractions of Solid, Liquid and Gaseous Phases Mass Transfer of Free Water and Gaseous Mixture Heat Transfer in a Multiphase Medium Numerical Results Design of Concrete Elements Calculation of Temperatures Graphical Data The ISE and Concrete Society Design Guide (1978) FIP/CEB report (1978) EN 1992-1-2 Empirical Methods Wickström's Method Hertz's Method Values of Thermal Diffusivity Position of the 500°C Isotherm Simple Calculation Methods Calculation of Load Effects Direct Calculation Indirect Calculation Materials Partial Safety Factors Methods of Determining Section Capacity Reduced Section Method (500°C Isotherm) Method of Slices (Zone Method) Calibration of the 500°C Isotherm Method and the Zone Method Columns Comparisons Between the Methods of Calculation Design and Detailing Considerations Shear Bond Spalling Moisture Content Concrete Porosity and Permeability Stress Conditions Aggregate Type Section Profile and Cover Heating Rate Concrete Strength High Strength Concrete and Self-Compacting Concrete Detailing Design of Steel Elements Calculation of Temperatures Basic Principles Heat Flow in Uninsulated Steelwork Heat Flow in Insulated Steelwork ECCS Method of Calculation EN 1993-1-2 Approach Effect of Moisture Effective Density of Insulation Delay Time Empirical Approach for The Calculation of Temperatures Bare Steelwork Protected Steelwork Calculation of Am/V Thermal Properties of Insulation Materials Design of Non-composite Steelwork Determination of Structural Load in the Fire Limit State EN 1993-1-2 Approach for the Determination of Structural Fire Capacity Background to the Eurocode Method Eurocode Methods Other Steelwork Constructions External Steelwork Shelf Angle Floors Stainless Steel Cold-Formed Steel Sections Methods of Protection Types of Protection Board Systems Spray Protection Intumescent Paints Brickwork/blockwork Concrete Encasement Manufacturer’s Data Connections Aging and Partial Loss of Protection Aging Effects Partial Loss of Protection Composite Construction Composite Slabs Insulation Requirement Calculation Approach Effective Thickness Load-bearing Capacity Calculation of Moment Capacity Composite Beams Critical Temperature Approach Full Moment Calculation Concrete-filled Steel I- and H-Section Columns Concrete-Filled Steel Tube Columns Design of Timber Elements Design to EN 1995-1-2 Empirical Approaches Masonry, Aluminium, Plastics and Glass Masonry Aluminium Plastics and Plastic-Based Composites Glass Frames Tests on Isolated Frames Tests on the Large Frame Structures at Cardington Fire Behaviour of Connections Pitched Roof Portals Assessment and Repair of Fire Damaged Structures Visual Inspection Damage Assessment Strength Assessment of the Structure Methods of Repair Demolition of Fire Damaged Structures References Author Index Subject Index