Environmental Hydrology

The late Professor Reds Wolman in his Foreword to the award-winning second edition said, "This is not your ordinary textbook. Environmental Hydrology is indeed a textbook, but five elements often found separately combine here in one text to make it different. It is eclectic, practical, in places a handbook, a guide to fieldwork, engagingly personal and occasionally opinionated. … and, perhaps most engaging to me, in places the authors offer personal views as well as more strongly worded opinions. The former often relate to evaluation of alternative approaches, or formulations, of specific solutions to specific hydrologic problems." The first and second editions were bestsellers and the third promises to educate people new to the field of hydrology and challenge professionals alike, with insightful solutions to classical problems as well as trendsetting approaches important to the evolving genre. The third edition enhances materials in the second edition and has expanded information on many topics, in particular, evapotranspiration, soil erosion, two-stage ditch design and applications, and stream processes. What’s New in the Third Edition: Presents new sections on rock structures in streams, hypoxia, harmful algal blooms, and agricultural practices to reduce nutrient discharges into water resources Enhances the format to aid the reader in finding tables, figures, and equations Contains more than 370 figures, 120 tables, 260 equations, 100 worked examples, 160 problems, and more than 1000 references Collectively, the authors have more than 130 years of international experience and the addition of John Lyon and Suzette Burckhard as co-authors expands the breadth of knowledge presented in this book. More than 60 scientists and engineers in Australia, Canada, Europe, and the United States provided assistance to round out the offerings and ensure applicability to hydrology worldwide.

The Hydrologic Cycle, Water Resources, and Society The Water, Food, Industry, Population Growth Nexus The Hydrologic Cycle Water Resources in the United States The Importance of Hydrology to Society Modeling the Hydrologic Cycle Hydrologic Data Analysis Advantages and Disadvantages of Modeling Data Typical Model Architecture Problems Precipitation Introduction Causes of Precipitation Precipitation Events Measurement of Precipitation Storm Time Trends Average Precipitation over an Area Rainfall Frequency Distributions Probability of an Event Occurring Rainfall Erosivity Climate Change and Uncertainty Problems Infiltration and Soil Water Processes Introduction Soil Water Relationships Infiltration and Soil Water Retention Factors Affecting Water Movement into and through Soils Soil Water Balance Estimating Infiltration Rates Perspective on Infiltration Methods Measurement of Soil Properties Problems Soil Moisture and Evapotranspiration Introduction Evaporation Process Evapotranspiration From Soil and Plants Measuring Evaporation or Evapotranspiration Weather Data Sources and Preparation Estimating Evaporation and Evapotranspiration Advances in Estimating Crop Evapotranspiration Evapotranspiration and Soil Water Budgets in Space and Time Using Evapotranspiration Data and Management Strategies Problems Runoff and Drainage Introduction Factors Affecting Runoff Processes Watershed Factors that Affect Runoff Runoff Characteristics: The Hydrograph Predicting Volume of Stormflow and Total Runoff Prediction of Peak Runoff Rate Stormwater Hydrographs Assessment and Application of Flood Estimation Techniques Agricultural Land Drainage Modifications Determining Subsurface Drainage Flows Flow Duration and Water Yield Planning for Low Flow Water Shortages Runoff Characteristics–Pollutograph Problems Stream Processes Introduction Interaction of Streams with the Landscape Stream Orders Stream Biota Stream Characteristics Stream Stability and Sediment Transport Meander Migration, Floodplains, and Streamways Stream Classification Channel Evolution What to Measure and Why the Measurement Should Be Made Some Other Important Factors Stream Restoration Problems Uniform Open Channel Flow Introduction Flow Velocity and Discharge Grassed Waterways Compound Channels Two-Stage Agricultural Ditches and Canals Other Compound Channel Applications Modifying, Managing, and Enhancing Constructed Channel Problems Hydraulic Control Structures Introduction Specific Energy and Critical Discharge Riffles, Pools and Runs (Based on Newbury et al, 2011 with permission from the American Geophysical Union) Weirs, Flumes, and Culverts Backwater Analysis Rock Structures Sizing Rock Routing flows through Channels and Rivers Routing flow through Reservoirs Problems Soil Conservation and Sediment Budgets Introduction Factors Affecting Erosion by Water Types of Erosion Estimating Soil Loss and Soil Loss Tolerance Universal Soil Loss Equation Nonagricultural Applications of the USLE Downstream Sediment Yields Single-Event Sediment Yields Sediment Budget Concepts Sediment Storage in Large Reservoirs Problems (Note: The first 7 problems relate to Equation 9.1) Hydrology of Forests, Wetlands, and Cold Climates Introduction How are Forests Different? Forest Climates: Rain and Snow Interception: Rain, Snow, and Fog Energy Balance in Forests Evapotranspiration Snowmelt Infiltration Subsurface Flow (Interflow) Surface Runoff Streamflow and Watershed Hydrology Erosion: Sediment Budget Deforestation, Fires, and Silviculture Rangelands and Grazing Wetlands Problems Hydrogeology Introduction Characterization of Groundwater Flow Groundwater Flow Patterns and Stream Interaction Flow to Wells Capture Zones of Wells Fracture Flow Groundwater Vulnerability Problems Human Impacts on Water Resources: Prevention and Treatment Strategies Introduction Human Impacts on Stream Health Flood Forecasting and Management Urban Impacts Conundrum of Understanding Discharge Frequency Reducing Runoff from Urban Areas Detention and Retention Ponds Agricultural Impacts on Water Quality Agricultural Water Quality Best Management Practices Landfills Problems Fundamentals of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems for Hydrologic Applications Introduction Products Parts of the Spectrum and Radiation Characteristics Data Types and Databases Remote Sensing Characteristics of Water Applications Practical Exercises on Conducting and Reporting Hydrologic Studies Introduction Conducting a Hydrologic Study Reporting a Hydrologic Study Report Contents General Guidelines for Preparing Exercise Reports Exercise 14.1: Precipitation (See Theory in Chapter 2) Exercise 14.2: Evaporation (See Theory in Chapter 4) Exercise 14.3: Runoff (See Theory in Chapter 5) Exercise 14.4: Flow Duration (See Theory in Chapter 5) Exercise 14.5: Storm Runoff, Totals, and Peaks (See Theory in Chapter 5) Exercise 14.6: Erosion and Elementary Sediment Routing (See Theory in Chapter 9) Exercise 14.7: Streamflow Measurement in the Field (See Theory in Chapter 7) Exercise 14.8: Watershed or Drainage Basin Morphology (See Theory in 6) Exercise 14.9: The Practical use of Soil Surveys for Environmental Management The Practical use of Soils Maps for Management References Appendices Index

Andy D. Ward, Ph.D, is a professor in the Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University and has been a member of the faculty since 1986. In 1971, he obtained a B.Sc. in civil engineering from Imperial College, London, England. In 1977 and 1981, Dr. Ward obtained an M.S. and Ph.D. respectively in agricultural engineering from the University of Kentucky. He has authored more than 100 manuscripts and co-authored a paper that received the 1994 Autometric Award from the American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing for the best interpretation of remote sensing data. Stanley W. Trimble, Ph.D, is professor emeritus in the Department of Geography at UCLA and has been a member of the faculty since 1975. In 1963, he received a B.S. in chemistry from the University of North Alabama. He earned his M.A. (1970) and Ph.D. (1973) in geography at the University of Georgia. Dr .Trimble was a research hydrologist with the US Geological Survey from 1973-84, and a visiting professor at the Universities of Chicago (1978, 1981, 1990), Vienna (1994, 1999), Oxford (1995), London (University College, 1985), and Durham (1998). He has published more than 100 research publications. Suzette R. Burckhard, PhD, PE is a professor in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department in the Jerome J. Lohr College of Engineering at South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings. She has been on the faculty since 1997. Dr. Burckhard earned a BS in engineering physics and civil engineering from SDSU. She also attended Kansas State University, earning an MS in physics, an MS in chemical engineering, and a PhD in civil engineering while there. She has over 100 presentations and publications including coauthoring the 3rd place ESRI Award for Best Scientific Paper in Geographic Information Systems in 2008. John G. Lyon has conducted scientific and engineering research and administrative functions throughout his career. He is formerly the senior physical scientist in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Office of Research and Development (ORD) and Office of the Science Advisor in Washington, DC, where he co-led work on the Group on Earth Observations and the USGEO subcommittee of the Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, and research on geospatial issues. Lyon was director of ORD’s Environmental Sciences Division for approximately eight years. He was educated at Reed College in Portland, Oregon, and the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.