Energy Resources Availability, Management, and Environmental Impacts

This book provides an evaluation for each of the current means and consumption of power generation of the available fuel resources. The book examines resource quantity, resource availability, economics, energy quality, conservation requirements, transportation requirements, delivery requirements, operation and manufacturing, regulatory issues, political issues, environmental concerns, cost consequences, advantages, disadvantages, and public acceptance. It defines the energy issues of availability and management, and provides a means of solving energy problems as well as defining the optimal course for the future.

The Energy Problem Energy Resources: Availability, Management, and Environmental Impacts identifies historical increases in demand and a continuing lack of viable management policies for regional and global energy problems. Considering the state and consumption of energy resources on a worldwide level, the authors outline and address three primary issues that they view as growing concerns: the exploitation of current forms of energy, the environmental consequences, and the social and economic ramifications involved. The initial chapters offer an overview of energy management, providing an introduction to energy, energy-related engineering principles, regulations, energy conservation, and sustainability. The book discusses all energy resource forms from fossil fuels to renewable resources. The authors introduce an energy matrix providing an analytical structure that quantitatively can be used to evaluate resource options and their impacts. The concluding chapters provide insight into the driving forces that have shaped energy policy to date and the uncertainties that face future policymakers. The book analyzes various aspects of energy management. It poses concerns and offers solutions, including a proposed approach for developing, organizing, and implementing a national energy plan for the U.S. A Template for Developing an Energy Policy Examines the issues involved with energy management Explores the best options for achieving energy independence Provides quantitative approaches to energy policy development Discusses specific structural and analytical approaches to solving energy management problems The book considers conservation and the development of new, less expensive energy forms, and the impact these can make in slowing growth in demand while fueling efficiency. It analyzes the availability of traditional energy resources and a method of quantifying their energy, economic, and environmental impacts to provide adequate, inexpensive, long-term energy supplies. It also examines the feasibility of solar power, wind, tidal, geothermal, nuclear, and other less traditional sources of energy.

Section I Basic Principles Introduction to the Issues Introduction Energy Terms Conservation Law for Energy Enthalpy Heat Transfer Net Energy Analysis Developing a National Energy Policy Short Term Long Term References Thermodynamic Principles: Entropy Analysis Introduction Qualitative Review of the Second Law Describing Equations The Heat Exchanger Dilemma Applications Concluding Comments References Energy Demand Introduction Early History The First Humans The Industrial Revolution Recent Years Effect of Demand of Energy Resources Coal Oil Natural Gas Oil Shale Nuclear Energy Solar Hydroelectric Geothermal Canada Energy Needs Energy Resources Tar Sands Future Energy Demands Concluding Remarks References Sustainability and Green Science/Engineering Introduction Sustainability Historical Perspective Resource Limitations Sustainable Development Considerations Resources for Sustainability Future Trends Green Science/Engineering Introduction to Green Chemistry Introduction to Green Science/Engineering Green Chemistry versus Green Engineering Green Resources (Internet Sources) References Energy Regulations Introduction The Regulatory System Laws and Regulations: The Differences The Role of the States The Department of Energy (DOE) The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) Energy Information Administration (EIA) The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) The 2013 New York State Energy Plan Overview of New York’s State Energy Plan References The Modern Energy Matrix: An Overview Introduction Energy System Components Resources Production Transportation/Transmission Coal Oil Natural Gas Utilization Energy Matrix Overview References Section II Energy Resources: Fossil Fuels Coal Introduction Early History Availability/Distribution and Characterization Availability/Distribution Characterization Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission Extraction Processing Transportation/Transmission Environmental Issues Future Prospects and Concerns References Oil Introduction Early History Availability/Distribution and Characterization Availability/Distribution Characterization Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission Extraction Processing Transportation/Transmission Pipelines Ships Trains Environmental Issues Future Prospects and Concerns References Natural Gas Introduction Early History Availability/Distribution and Characterization Availability/Distribution Characterization Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission Extraction Processing Transportation/Transmission Environmental Issues Future Prospects and Concerns References Shale Oil Introduction Early History Availability/Distribution and Characterization Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission Extraction Processing Transportation/Transmission Environmental Issues Future Prospects and Concerns References Tar Sands Introduction Early History Availability/Distribution and Characterization Availability/Distribution Characterization Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission Extraction Processing Transportation/Transmission Environmental Issues Future Prospects and Concerns References Section III Other Energy Resources Solar Energy Introduction Early History Availability, Distribution, and Characterization Availability Distribution Characterization Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission Extraction Processing Transportation/Transmission Environmental Issues Future Prospects and Concerns References Nuclear Energy Introduction Early History Availability/Distribution and Characterization Availability/Distribution Characterization Extraction, Conversion, and Transportation/Transmission Extraction and Conversion Transportation/Transmission Environmental Issues Waste Disposal Plant Accidents/Safety Radiation Effects Future Prospects and Concerns References Hydroelectric Energy Introduction Early History Availability/Distribution and Characterization Availability/Distribution Characterization Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission Extraction Processing Transportation/Transmission Environmental Issues Future Prospects and Concerns References Wind Energy Introduction Early History Availability/Distribution and Characterization Availability/Distribution Characterization Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission Extraction Processing Transportation/Transmission Environmental Issues Future Prospects and Concerns References Geothermal Energy Introduction Early History Availability/Distribution and Characterization Availability/Distribution Characterization Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission Extraction Processing and Transportation/Transmission Environmental Issues Future Prospects and Concerns References Hydrogen Energy Introduction Early History Availability/Distribution and Characterization Availability/Distribution Characterization Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission Extraction Processing Transportation/Transmission Environmental Issues Future Prospects and Concerns References Biomass Energy Introduction Early History Availability/Distribution and Characterization Availability/Distribution Characterization Refuse/Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Wood Hazardous Wastes Biofuels Extraction, Processing, and Transportation/Transmission Extraction Processing Transportation/Transmission Environmental Issues Future Prospects and Concerns References Other Energy Sources Introduction Fuels Derived from Coals and Oils Coke Coal Char and Liquids Gaseous Fuels from Coal By-Product Gas from Gasification Coal–Water Mixture Hydrocarbons Hydrokinetic Energy Tidal Energy Ocean Thermal Energy Wave Energy References Section IV Aspects of Energy Management Energy Demand and Distribution Systems Introduction The Evolution of Energy Demand Energy Stakeholders The Role of Distribution Systems References Conservation, Sustainability, and Green Engineering Introduction Energy Conservation Chemical Plant and Process Applications Domestic Applications Cooling Heating Hot Water Cooking Lighting New Appliances Individual Efforts Sustainability Approaches Domestic Level Green Engineering Buildings Materials Architects Insulation Ducts and Piping Maintenance Reduced Loads Concluding Remarks References Environmental Considerations Introduction Environmental Management Topics Environmental Factors The Health Risk Evaluation Process The Hazard Risk Assessment Process Concluding Remarks References Economic Considerations Introduction Definitions Simple Interest Compound Interest Present Worth Evaluation of Sums of Money Uniform Series of Payments Depreciation Fabricated Equipment Cost Index Capital Recovery Factor Present Net Worth Perpetual Life Break-Even Point Approximate Rate of Return Exact Rate of Return Bonds Incremental Cost Capital Costs Operating Costs Energy Cost Data Oil Coal Natural Gas Renewables Nuclear Energy Hidden Economic Factors Project Evaluation and Optimization Principles of Accounting Concluding Remarks References Political Considerations Introduction The Political Problem Associated with Natural Resource Wealth Energy Politics References Challenges Facing Future Energy Policy Makers Introduction Present Energy State Energy Sources of the Future Some Policy Suggestions for the Future Incentives Environmental Protection Unnecessary Use of Energy Capital Needs Applying the Concept of Net Energy Societal Concerns Energy Forecasts for New York State and Canada New York State Plan Canadian Plan Concluding Remarks References Section V Energy Management Solutions Introduction to Energy Policy Issues Introduction Energy Policy Priority Is Energy Independence a Legitimate Goal? The Responsibility of Government Concluding Comments References Energy–Environmental Interactions Introduction US Energy–Environmental Policy Issues General Overview/Comments Net Energy Concepts Interaction with Other Goals Environmental Concerns: A Technological Mandate Individual State Energy Policies Global Energy Poli

Kenneth Skipka received a BA degree in natural sciences from Long Island University and an MS in meteorology from Cornell University. In 1986 Mr. Skipka, along with three partners, founded RTP Environmental Associates, Inc. (RTP), an environmental consulting firm specializing in air, water, and solid waste issues for a variety of industries, particularly the power industry. He is currently a principal with RTP Environmental Associates, Inc.; owner of the IT Leasing Company; and, a long-standing member of the Air & Waste Management Association (AWMA). He has authored, collaborated on, and/or published numerous books, technical reports, and papers. Louis Theodore received the degrees of MChE and EngScD from New York University and a BChE from The Cooper Union. Over the past 50 years, Dr. Theodore was a successful educator (holding the rank of full professor of chemical engineering), graduate program director (raising extensive financial support from local industries), researcher, professional innovator, and communicator in the engineering field. He has authored 98 text/reference books, over 100 technical papers, and is the author of the recent CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group risk assessment text Environmental Health and Hazard Risk Assessment: Principles and Calculations.