Electronics Basic, Analog, and Digital with PSpice

Electronics: Basic, Analog, and Digital with PSpice does more than just make unsubstantiated assertions about electronics. Compared to most current textbooks on the subject, it pays significantly more attention to essential basic electronics and the underlying theory of semiconductors. In discussing electrical conduction in semiconductors, the author addresses the important but often ignored fundamental and unifying concept of electrochemical potential of current carriers, which is also an instructive link between semiconductor and ionic systems at a time when electrical engineering students are increasingly being exposed to biological systems. The text presents the background and tools necessary for at least a qualitative understanding of new and projected advances in microelectronics. The author provides helpful PSpice simulations and associated procedures (based on schematic capture, and using OrCAD® 16.0 Demo software), which are available for download. These simulations are explained in considerable detail and integrated throughout the book. The book also includes practical, real-world examples, problems, and other supplementary material, which helps to demystify concepts and relations that many books usually state as facts without offering at least some plausible explanation. With its focus on fundamental physical concepts and thorough exploration of the behavior of semiconductors, this book enables readers to better understand how electronic devices function and how they are used. The book’s foreword briefly reviews the history of electronics and its impact in today’s world. ***Classroom Presentations are provided on the CRC Press website. Their inclusion eliminates the need for instructors to prepare lecture notes. The files can be modified as may be desired, projected in the classroom or lecture hall, and used as a basis for discussing the course material.***

Preface Foreword: Brief History and Impact of ElectronicsConvention for SymbolsBasic Diode Circuits Overview Learning Objectives Ideal and Practical Diodes Ideal Diode Ideal Si pn Junction Diode Practical Diodes Incremental Diode Resistance Basic Analysis of Diode Circuits Piecewise Linear Approximation Bias Point Small-Signal Model Rectifier Circuits Half-Wave Rectifier Full-Wave Rectifier Smoothing of Output Capacitor-Input Filter Approximate Analysis of Capacitor-Input Filter Zener Voltage Regulator Voltage-Current Characteristic Analysis of Zener Regulator Load regulation and Line Regulation Diode Voltage Limiters Surge Protection Diode-Capacitor Circuits dc Restorer Voltage Multiplication Summary of Main Concepts and Results Learning Outcomes Supplementary Examples and Topics on CD Problems and ExercisesBasic Principles of Semiconductors Excerpts from Wave Mechanics Some Basic Ideas Schrödinger’s Equation Wave Packets Free Atoms Energy Band Structure Electric Conduction in Semiconductors Electrons in a Periodic Potential Effective Mass Hole Conduction Density of Electron States Fermi-Dirac Distribution Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors Crystal Structure Intrinsic Semiconductor Extrinsic Semiconductors Electrochemical Potential Expression for Chemical Potential Expression for Electrochemical Potential Generalized Ohm’s Law State of Equilibrium Fermi Level and Electrochemical Potential Carrier Concentrations in Semiconductors Carrier Generation and Recombination Intrinsic Semiconductor Position of Fermi Level n-type Semiconductor p-type semiconductor Carrier Mobility Variation with Dopant Concentration Variation with Temperature Carrier Recombination Minority Carrier Lifetime Summary of Main Concepts and Results Learning Outcomes Supplementary Examples and Topics on CD Problems and Exercisespn Junction and Semiconductor Diodes The pn Junction at Equilibrium Junction Potential Depletion Approximation The Biased pn Junction The pn Junction as a Rectifier Width of Depletion Region Charge Distributions and Currents under Bias Current-Voltage relation Charge-Current Relation pn Junction Capacitances Temperature Effects Junction Breakdown Semiconductor Photoelectric Devices Photoconductive Cell Photodiode Photocell Light-Emitting Diodes Tunnel Diode Contacts between Dissimilar Materials Metal-Metal Contacts Metal-Semiconductor Contacts Schottky Diode Heterojunction Summary of Main Concepts and Results Learning Outcomes Supplementary Examples and Topics on CD Problems and ExercisesSemiconductor Fabrication Preparation of Silicon Wafer High-Purity Silicon Crystal Growth Wafer Production Oxidation Patterning Processes Preparation of Masks Lithography Etching Deposition Processes Ion Implantation Diffusion Chemical Vapor Deposition Metallization Clean Room Environment Packaging Types of Packages Fabrication of Simple Devices Resistors pn Junction Diodes Capacitors CMOS Fabrication Transistor Isolation Transistor Formation Silicon-on Insulator Technology Fabrication of Bipolar Junction Transistors Basic BJT Structure Modified BJT Structures BiCMOS Miscellaneous Topics SiGe Technology Crystal Defects Si-SiO2 Interface Summary of Main Concepts and Results Learning Outcomes Supplementary Examples and Topics on CD Problems and ExercisesField Effect Transistors Amplifiers Hypothetical Amplifying Device Basic Operation of the MOSFET Structure Operation of Enhancement-type MOSFET Current-Voltage Relations p-Channel MOS Transistor Small-Signal Operation Secondary Effects in MOSFETs Channel-Length Modulation Transconductance Overdrive Voltage Temperature Effects Breakdown Body Effect Capacitances Unity-Gain Bandwidth Short-Channel Effects Carrier Velocity Saturation and Hot Carriers Reduced Output Resistance and Threshold Other Effects Improved Performance Depletion-Type MOSFETs Diode Connection Complementary MOSFETs CMOS Amplifier CMOS Transmission Gate CMOS Inverter Junction Field Effect Transistor Structure Operation Current-Voltage Relation Metal-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor Structure Operation High-Mobility Devices Summary of Main Concepts and Results Learning Outcomes Supplementary Examples and Topics on CD Problems and ExercisesBipolar Junction Transistor Basic Operation of the BJT Common-Base dc Current Gains Typical Structure Common-Emitter Configuration Small-Signal Current Gains Small-Signal Equivalent Circuits Secondary Effects in BJTs Base-Width Modulation Hybrid-p Equivalent Circuit Variation of iC with vbe h-Parameter Equivalent Circuit Temperature Effects Breakdown Punchthrough BJT Capacitances Unity-Gain Bandwidth BJT Large-Signal Models Ebers-Moll Model Saturation Mode The BJT as a Switch Diode Connection Regenerative Pair Augmented Models Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor Noise in Semiconductors Comparison of BJTs and FETs Summary of Main Concepts and Results Learning Outcomes Supplementary Examples and Topics on CD Problems and ExercisesTwo-Port Circuits, Amplifiers, and Feedback Two-Port Circuits Equivalent Circuits Ideal Amplifiers Negative Feedback Feedback Amplifiers Ideal Operational Amplifier Noninverting Configuration Unity-Gain amplifier Signal-Flow Diagrams Inverting Configuration Integrator Differentiator Extraneous Signals Gain-Bandwidth Product Summary of Main Concepts and Results Learning Outcomes Supplementary Examples and Topics on CD Problems and Exercises Single-Stage Transistor Amplifiers Transistor Biasing Biasing of Discrete Transistors Current Mirror BJT Current Mirror MOSFET Current Mirror Basic Amplifier Configurations General Considerations Common-Emitter Amplifier Common-Source Amplifier Common-Drain Amplifier Common-Collector Amplifier Common-Source Amplifier with Source Resistor Common-Emitter Amplifier with Emitter Resistor Common-Gate Amplifier Common-Base Amplifier High-Frequency Response Miller’s Theorem Poles and Zeros of Transfer Function Common Emitter/Source Amplifier Common Collector/Drain Amplifier Common-Emitter/Source Amplifier with Feedback Resistor Common-Base/Gate Amplifier Composite Transistor Connections Darlington Pair Common Collector-Common Emitter Cascade Cascode Amplifier MOSFET Cascode BJT Cascode BiCMOS Cascode Cascode Current Sources and Mirrors Summary of Main Concepts and Results Learning Outcomes Supplementary Examples and Topics on CD Problems and ExercisesMultistage and Feedback Amplifiers Cascaded Amplifiers dc Level Shifting RC-Coupled Amplifiers Common-Source Amplifier Common-Emitter Amplifier Feedback Amplifiers Series-Shunt Feedback Series-Series Feedback Shunt-Series Feedback Shunt-Shunt Feedback Closed-Loop Stability Stability from Bode Magnitude Plots Frequency Compensation Feedback Oscillators Wien-Bridge Oscillator High-Q Oscillator Tuned Amplifiers LC Oscillators Crystal Oscillators Summary of Main Concepts and Results Learning Outcomes Supplementary Examples and Topics on CD Problems and ExercisesDifferential and Operational Amplifiers Differential Pair Basic Operation Transfer Characteristic Small-signal Differential Operation High-Frequency Response Small-signal Common-Mode Response High-Frequency Response Input Bias Currents Input Offset Voltage Current-Mirror Load MOSFET Differential Pair Two-Stage CMOS Op Amp Input Offset Voltage Voltage Gain and Output Swing Common Mode Response Frequency Response Slew Rate Folded Cascode CMOS Op Amp Common-Mode Input Range Output Voltage Swing Voltage Gain Frequency Response Slew Rate CMOS Current and Voltage Biasing Self Biasing BJT Op Amps Input Resistance and Bias Current Input Offset Voltage Some Basic Practical Op Amp Circuits Inverting and Noninverting Op Amp Circuits Integrator Difference amplifier Instrumentation Amplifier Switched-Capacitor Circuits Digital-Analog Conversion Summary of Main Concepts and Results Learning Outcomes Supplementary Examples and Topics on CD Problems and ExercisesPower Amplifiers and Switches General Considerations Safe Operating Limits Thermal Resistance Thermal Stability Nonlinear Disto

Nassir H. Sabah is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the American University of Beirut, Lebanon.