Diamondoids Synthesis, Properties, and Applications

Over the past few decades, carbon nanomaterials, most commonly fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, have gained increasing interest in both science and industry, due to their advantageous properties that make them attractive for many applications in nanotechnology. Another class of the carbon nanomaterials family that has slowly been gaining (re)newed interest is diamond molecules, also called diamondoids, which consist of polycyclic carbon cages that can be superimposed on a cubic diamond lattice. Derivatives of diamondoids are used in pharmaceutics, but due to their promising properties—well-defined structures, high thermal and chemical stability, negative electron affinity, and the possibility to tune their bandgap—diamondoids could also serve as molecular building blocks in future nanodevices. This book is the first of its kind to give an exhaustive overview of the structures, properties, and current and possible future applications of diamondoids. It contains a brief historical account of diamondoids, from the discovery of the first diamondoid member, adamantane, to the isolation of higher diamondoids about a decade ago. It summarizes the different approaches to synthesizing diamondoids. In particular, current research on the conventional organic synthesis and new approaches based on microplasmas generated in high-pressure and supercritical fluids are reviewed and the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods discussed. The book will serve as a reference for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students in chemistry, physics, materials science, and nanotechnology and researchers in macromolecular science, nanotechnology, chemistry, biology, and medicine, especially those with an interest in nanoparticles.

Introduction Structure, Nomenclature, and Symmetry of Diamondoids Diamondoids and Their Relation to Other Carbon Nanomaterials The Structure of Diamondoids Classification of Diamondoids Nomenclature and Classification of Diamondoids Molecular Symmetry and Crystal Structures of Diamondoids Differences between Diamondoids and Nanodiamonds Chemical and Physical Properties and Characterization of Diamondoids Chemical Properties Physical Properties Optical Properties Mass Spectrometry of Diamondoids Current and Future Applications of Diamondoids and Their Derivatives Overview Applications of Diamondoids in Oil Exploration Current and Possible Future Applications of Diamondoids and Derivatives in Chemistry, Pharmaceutics, Medicine, and Biotechnology Applications in Materials Science and Nanotechnology Possible Future Applications of Diamondoids Summary ISOLATION AND ORGANIC CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF DIAMONDOIDS Occurrence and Isolation of Diamondoids from Natural Gas and Oil Reservoirs Occurrence of Diamondoids in Natural Gas and Oil Reservoirs Formation of Diamondoids in Natural Sources Isolation of Diamondoids from Gas and Oil Approaches for the Organic Synthesis of Diamondoids A Brief History of the Isolation and Organic Synthesis of Diamondoids Conventional Organic Chemical Synthesis of Diamondoids Limitations of the Organic Synthesis of Diamondoids NOVEL APPROACHES FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF DIAMONDOIDS BY MICROPLASMAS Diamondoid Synthesis by Electric Discharge Microplasmas in Supercritical Fluids Introduction Generation of Plasmas in Supercritical Fluids Electric Discharges in High-Pressure and Supercritical Fluid Microreactors Synthesis of Diamondoids by Pulsed Laser Plasmas Application of Pulsed Laser Plasmas in Supercritical Fluids to Nanomaterial Synthesis Synthesis of Diamondoids by Pulsed Laser Plasmas Micro-Raman Spectroscopy Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry Comparison between PLA in scCO2 and scXe Conclusions and Perspectives Synthesis of Diamondoids by Atmospheric-Pressure Microplasmas Introduction Microchip Microplasma Reactors Plasma Generation and Characterization Summary Conclusions and Perspectives

Sven Stauss received an engineering diploma in materials science from the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland, in 2000. After an internship at the R&D center of Toshiba, Japan, from 2000 to 2001, he pursued a PhD in materials science at the EPFL and the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (Empa). After his graduation in 2005, he joined the group of Prof. Terashima in the Department of Advanced Materials Science at the University of Tokyo, Japan, where he is currently assistant professor. His current research focuses on cryoplasmas and plasmas in supercritical fluids and their application to materials processing. Kazuo Terashima received his ME and PhD in metallurgy and materials science from the University of Tokyo in 1984 and 1988, respectively. From 1993 to 1995, he was a guest professor at the University of Basel, Switzerland. He is now a professor in the Department of Advanced Materials Science, University of Tokyo. His major interest is in plasma materials science. His main research focuses on microplasmas and their application to exotic plasmas, such as supercritical fluid plasmas and cryoplasmas.