Dams and Appurtenant Hydraulic Structures, 2nd edition

Dams and Appurtenant Hydraulic Structures, now in its second edition, provides a comprehensive and complete overview of all kinds of dams and appurtenant hydraulic structures throughout the world. The reader is guided through different aspects of dams and appurtenant hydraulic structures in 35 chapters, which are subdivided in five themes:I. Dams and appurtenant hydraulic structures – General;II. Embankment dams;III. Concrete dams;IV. Hydromechanical equipment and appurtenant hydraulic structures;V. Hydraulic schemes. Subjects treated are general questions, design, construction, surveillance, maintenance and reconstruction of various embankment and concrete dams, hydromechanical equipment, spillway structures, bottom outlets, special hydraulic structures, composition of structures in river hydraulic schemes, reservoirs, environmental effects of river hydraulic schemes and reservoirs and environmental protection. Special attention is paid to advanced methods of static and dynamic analysis of embankment dams. The wealth of experience gained by the author over the course of 35 years of research and practice is incorporated in this richly-illustrated, fully revised, updated and expanded edition. For the original Macedonian edition of Dams and Appurtenant Hydraulic Structures, Ljubomir Tanchev was awarded the Goce Delchev Prize, the highest state prize for achievements in science in the Republic of Macedonia. This work is intended for senior students, researchers and professionals in civil, hydraulic and environmental engineering and dam construction and exploitation.

Preface Preface to the first edition PART 1Dams and appurtenant hydraulic structures – General 1 Utilization of water resources by means of hydraulic structures 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Hydraulic structures (definition, classification) 1.3 General features of hydraulic structures 1.4 Intent of dams. Elements of a dam and a reservoir 1.5 Appurtenant hydraulic structures1.6 Short review of the historical development of hydraulic structures 2 Foundations of dams 2.1 Foundations for hydraulic structures in general 2.2 Rock foundations 2.3 Semi-rock and soil foundations 2.4 Requirements for the foundation 2.5 Investigation works regarding dam foundations 2.5.1 Indirect investigation methods 2.5.2 Direct investigation methods 2.5.3 Sampling 2.5.4 Testing 2.6 Improvement of foundations 3 Seepage through dams 3.1 Action of seepage flow 3.2 Mechanical action of seepage flow on the earth’s skeleton 3.3 Seepage resistance of earth foundations and structures 3.4 Theoretical aspects of seepage 3.5 Practical solution of the problem of seepage 3.6 Seepage in anisotropic soil conditions 3.7 Seepage in non-homogeneous soil conditions 3.8 Seepage of water through rock foundations 3.9 Lateral seepage 3.10 Seepage through the body of concrete dams 4 Forces and loadings on dams 4.1 Forces and loadings on dams in general 4.2 Forces from hydrostatic and hydrodynamic pressure 4.3 Influence of cavitation and aeration on hydraulic structures 4.4 Influence from waves 4.5 Influence of ice and water sediment 4.6 Seismic forces 4.7 Temperature effects 4.7.1 Temperature effects on embankment dams 4.7.2 Temperature effects on concrete structures 5 Designing hydraulic structures 5.1 Basic stages in the process of the creation and use of hydraulic structures 5.2 Investigation for design and construction of hydraulic structures 5.3 Contents of the hydraulic design and design phases 5.4 Project management and the role of legislation PART 2Embankment dams 6 Embankment dams – general 6.1 Introduction, terminology, and classification 6.2 Historical development of embankment dams 6.3 Dimensions of the basic elements of embankment dams 6.4 Choice of the dam site 6.5 Materials for construction of embankment dams 6.6 Choice of type of embankment dam 6.7 Tailings dams 6.7.1 Definition and general features 6.7.2 Classification of tailings dams 6.7.3 Methods of construction of tailings dams 7 Seepage through embankment dams 7.1 Kinds of seepage through the embankment dam body 7.2 Seepage line and hydrodynamic net in embankment dams 7.3 Measures against the harmful effect of seepage 7.3.1 Action against local seepage rising 7.3.2 Action against internal erosion7.4 Calculations of the casual seepage strength of earthfill dams 8 Static stability of embankment dams 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Classical methods 8.2.1 Method of slices 8.2.2 Wedge method 8.2.3 States in which stability of embankment dams is examined 8.2.4 Stability of rockfill dams 8.3 Advanced methods 8.3.1 Application of the Finite Element Method 8.3.2 Specific properties of the application of the Finite Element Method (FEM) for analysis of embankment dams 8.3.3 Choice of constitutive law 8.3.4 Simulation for dam construction in layers 8.3.5 Simulation for filling the reservoir and the effect of water 8.3.6 Collapse settlement 8.3.7 Simulation of behaviour at the interfaces of different materials 8.3.8 Analysis of consolidation 8.3.9 Creep of materials in the body of embankment dams 8.3.10 Three-dimensional analysis 9 Dynamic stability of embankment dams 9.1 Effect of earthquakes on embankment dams 9.2 Assessment of design earthquake 9.2.1 Strength, attenuation, and amplification of earthquakes 9.2.2 Design earthquake 9.3 Liquefaction 9.4 Analysis of stability and deformations in embankment dams induced by earthquakes 9.4.1 Pseudo-static method 9.4.2 Pseudo-static methods with a non-uniform coefficient of acceleration 9.4.3 Equivalent linear method 9.4.4 Pure nonlinear response method 9.5 Case studies of recent actual events 9.5.1 Case study of Aratozawa dam (Japan, 2008) 9.5.2 Case study of Zipingpu dam (China, 2008) 10 Earthfill dams 10.1 Classification and construction of earthfill dams 10.2 Structural details for earthfill dams 10.2.1 Slope protection 10.2.2 Water-impermeable elements 10.2.3 Drainages 10.3 Preparation of the foundation and the joint between earthfill dams and the foundation 10.3.1 Preparation of the general foundation 10.3.2 Preparation of the foundation when using a dam cutoff trench 10.3.3 Joint of the earthfill dam and the foundation 11 Earth–rock dams 11.1 Construction of earth–rock dams 11.2 Earth–rock dams with vertical core 11.3 Earth–rock dams with a sloping core 11.4 Earth–rock dams of ‘soft’ rocks 11.5 Fissures in the core of earth–rock dams 11.5.1 Kinds of fissures and causes for their occurrence 11.5.2 Measures for preventing the occurrence of fissures 11.6 Designing earth–rock dams in seismically active areas 12 Rockfill dams with reinforced concrete facing 12.1 Definition, field of application and construction 12.2 Modern dams with reinforced concrete facing 12.2.1 Rockfill dam body 12.2.2 Concrete plinth 12.2.3 Concrete face slabs 12.2.4 Joints for reinforced concrete facing slabs 12.2.5 Perimeter joint 12.2.6 Parapet wall and camber 12.3 Construction of the reinforced concrete facing 12.4 Examples of modern CFRDs 12.4.1 Examples from the period 1971–1980 12.4.2 Examples from the period 1982–2000 12.4.3 First decade of XXI century 12.5 Concrete facings of non-conventional concrete 13 Rockfill dams with asphaltic concrete and other types of facings 13.1 Rockfill dams with asphaltic concrete facing 13.1.1 General characteristics 13.1.2 Composition and characteristics of hydraulic asphaltic concrete 13.1.3 Construction of the asphaltic concrete facings 13.1.4 Joint of the lining with a gallery or concrete cutoff in dam’s toe 13.1.5 Joint of the facing with dam’s crest 13.2 Rockfill dams with steel facing 13.3 Rockfill dams with facing of geomembrane 13.3.1 General 13.3.2 Examples of rockfill dams with geomembrane facing 14 Rockfill dams with internal non-earth core 14.1 Rockfill dams with asphaltic concrete core 14.1.1 Function, conditions of work and materials 14.1.2 Structure of the asphaltic concrete cores 14.1.3 Recent examples 14.1.4 Joint of asphaltic concrete core with the foundation and lateral concrete structures 14.2 Other types of non-earth cores 14.2.1 Concrete core walls 14.2.2 Grout and plastic concrete walls (cores) 14.3 Stability of earth-rock dams with asphaltic concrete core 15 Monitoring and surveillance of embankment dams 15.1 Task and purpose of monitoring 15.2 Monitoring of pore pressure and seepage 15.2.1 Hydraulic piezometers 15.2.2 Electric piezometers 15.2.3 Monitoring of seepage 15.3 Monitoring of displacements 15.3.1 Measurement of displacements at the surface of the dam 15.3.2 Measuring displacements in the interior of the dam 15.4 Measurements of stresses 15.5 Seismic measurements 15.6 General principles on the selection and positioning layout of measuring instruments PART 3Concrete dams 16 Gravity dams on rock foundations 16.1 Gravity dams in general 16.2 Mass concrete for dams 16.2.1 General 16.2.2 Constituent elements of mass concrete 16.2.3 Parameters of concrete mixture 16.2.4 Fabrication and placing of concrete 16.3 Cross-section of gravity dams 16.3.1 Cross-sections in general 16.3.2 Theoretical cross-section 16.3.3 Practical cross-section 16.4 Dimensioning of concrete gravity dams 16.4.1 Elementary methods 16.4.2 Modern methods 16.5 Determination of stresses 16.5.1 Determination of stresses by the gravitational method 16.5.2 Calculation of stresses by using the theory of elasticity 16.5.3 Calculation of stresses by using the Finite Element Method 16.5.4 Influence of temperature changes, shrinkage and expansion of concrete on stresses in dams 16.5.5 Permissible stresses and cracks 16.6 General structural features of gravity dams 16.7 Stability of gravity dams on rock founda

Ljubomir Tanchev was born in 1945 in Prilep (Republic of Macedonia). He moved to Skopje in 1950 where he finished the primary and secondary school and graduated in Civil Engineering from the Sts Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje. He obtained his M.Sc. in 1980 and was awarded his Ph.D. on the subject of Numerical analysis of embankment dams from the same university in 1987. In 1978/79 he completed a post-graduate study at IHE in Delft, The Netherlands. He began his career working in the laboratory for testing of materials of the CC "Mavrovo" (Skopje) as a research engineer between 1972 and 1977. Then he joined the Sts Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, as assistant. In 1988 he was appointed Assistant Professor, in 1992 Associate Professor and in 1996 Professor, covering the topics of Dams and Hydraulic Structures. He has been Head of the Department of Hydraulic Structures, vice-Dean and from October 1999 till October 2003 Dean of the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Sts Cyril and Methodius University. He retired in October 2010, but is still active in various projects. He was president of the Macedonian Committee on Large Dams (a member of ICOLD) from May 2004 till June 2013. Over his 40 years of practice, Professor Tanchev has been involved in many hydraulic engineering projects as a designer, consultant, and supervisor. He has published more than 50 scientific works and he is the author of three books published in Macedonian: Static analysis of embankment dams (1989), Hydraulic structures (1992) and Dams and appurtenant hydraulic structures (1999). For the latter book, Prof. Tanchev was awarded the Goce Delchev Prize, the highest state prize for achievement in the sciences. The first English edition of Dams and Appurtenant Hydraulic Structures was published in 2005 by CRC Press / Balkema.