Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Systems Work and Everyday Life

While there have been tremendous advances in our scientific understanding of the brain, this work has been largely academic, and often oriented toward clinical publication. Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Systems: Work and Everyday Life addresses the relationship between neurophysiological processes and the performance and experience of humans in everyday life. It samples the vast neuroscience literature to identify those areas of research that speak directly to the performance and experience of humans in everyday settings, highlighting the practical, everyday application of brain science. The book explains the underlying basis for well-established principles from human factors, ergonomics, and industrial engineering and design. It also sheds new light on factors affecting human performance and behavior. This is not an academic treatment of neuroscience, but rather a translation that makes modern brain science accessible and easily applicable to systems design, education and training, and the development of policies and practices. The authors supply clear and direct guidance on the applications of principles from brain science to everyday problems. With discussions of topics from brain science and their relevance to everyday activities, the book focuses on the science, describing the findings and the studies producing these findings. It then decodes how these findings relate to everyday life and how you can integrate them into your work to achieve more effective outcomes based on a fundamental understanding of how the operations of the human brain produce behavior and modulate performance.

IntroductionAcknowledgmentsReferencesA Few BasicsNeurons: A Basic Unit of the BrainNeurons Live in a Protected Fluid Environment The Brain Sustains a Homeostatic BalanceOur Brains Are Continually Being Shaped Many Functions May Be Localized to SpecificRegions of the Brain Everyday Activities Involve Integrated Functions Dispersedthroughout the Brain The Brain Is a Complex System, Yet Is Only One Componentin a Larger System of SystemsNo Two Brains Work Exactly the SameOur Best Measures Do Not Tell Us Exactly How the Brain WorksMagnetoencephalography (MEG)AcknowledgmentsReferencesConscious AwarenessConscious versus Nonconscious EngagementVulnerabilities That Arise Due to the Limits of OurConscious AwarenessTiming of Brain Processes and Conscious AwarenessDefault Network: Mind Wandering Inattentional BlindnessImplicit Operations of the BrainUnconscious Impact of Cognitive State on DecisionsAcknowledgments ReferencesPerceptual ExperienceOur Minds Attend To a Small Slice of What Our Brains Sense Our Judgment Is Shaped by Unconscious Sensory ExperiencesPerception Is MultisensoryThe Brain Responds More Strongly To Some Stimuli than Others Vulnerabilities Arising from Our Perceptual ProcessesPerceptual Activities the Brain Does Well Perception Is Not a Continuous Process Perceptual Processes May Be Flexibly Adapted To Circumstances The External World Is Replicated within the Brain Activity in the Brain Does Not Mean There Was a ConsciousPerceptual Experience Our Brains Are Specially Tuned To the Actions of Others Our Sense of the World Is a Product of Our Social Environment Acknowledgments References Strengths and Weaknesses How to Cope with the Inherent Weaknesses of the Human Brain Designating to Our Strengths The Google Effect and the Symbiosis between Brain andTechnologyOnce a Task Has Become Automated, Conscious ControlCan Be Surprisingly Effortful Are We Multitaskers or Merely Good Task Switchers? Brains Reflexively Respond To Exceptions As "Pattern-Seeking Primates," the Default Condition Is to BelieveAcknowledgments References Error Error from the Brain’s Perspective Organizational Approach to Human Error Confusion Regarding the Term Human Error Interactive Nature and Complexity of Human Error Error Classifications Summary Acknowledgments References Cognitive States Pharmacological Enhancement: Caffeine Pharmacological Enhancement: Nicotine Cognitive Enhancement through Physical Exercise Cognitive Enhancement through Meditation Concluding Thoughts and Future DirectionsAcknowledgmentsReferencesExpertise Anders Ericsson and the Notion of Deliberative Practice What Makes an Expert Different?Acknowledgments References Teams and GroupsDefining GroupsSocial Psychology and NeuroscienceCooperation and AltruismGroup Intelligence Social Cognition, Metacognition, and Mentalization Neural Synchronization and Correlation During Group Processes NeuroeconomicsAcknowledgmentsReferencesNeurotechnologyNeurotechnology to Augment, Train, Preserve, or Repair Cognitive SkillsNeurotechnology as a Tool to Design or Adapt Human–Computer Interaction Neurotechnology as a New Modality through Which Systems Are ControlledNeurophysiological MeasurementDesiderata for Design in NeurotechnologyFuture Directions Neurogaming Multiplayer Neurogaming Neurocognitive Approaches to Interactive Narratives Acknowledgments References

Chris Forsythe is a Distinguished Member of the Technical Staff at Sandia National Laboratories, in Albuquerque, NM. He has a PhD in Experimental Psychology and MS in Biopsychology from the University of Memphis. His primary expertise lies in the application of technology to improve human performance. He has worked in diverse areas that include: human-machine transactions, high consequence systems, cyber, automotive systems, training and neurotechnology. His research interests encompass individual differences in the neurophysiology of human performance, advanced training technologies development, and human-machine systems integration. He regularly conducts seminars on the application of brain science to everyday life for audiences that extend from professional conference attendees to elementary school age children, and works extensively with youth to promote their interest in science and technology. Huafei (Harry) Liao is a Senior Technical Staff Member in the Risk and Reliability Analysis Department of Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), Albuquerque, NM, USA. He has many years of experience with human performance modeling in the nuclear industry and his work currently focuses on human factors and human reliability in complex systems and high-risk environments. He holds a B.S. and M.S. in Control Theories and Control Engineering from Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, and a Ph.D. in Human Factors and Ergonomics from Purdue University. Michael C.S. Trumbo is a doctoral candidate in the Cognition, Brain, and Behavior program within the University of New Mexico Psychology Department, where he is further affiliated with the Psychology Clinical Neuroscience Center. Additionally, Michael conducts research on human performance at Sandia National Laboratories and through The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute. Research interests center on facilitation of human performance in both clinical and healthy populations in a variety of professional and educational realms, with a particular emphasis on the use of electrical brain stimulation in order to achieve such. Rogelio E. Cardona-Rivera is a Ph.D. student in Computer Science at North Carolina State University and is advised by Dr. R. Michael Young in the Liquid Narrative Research Group. Rogelio’s thesis work is at the intersection of artificial intelligence, cognitive science, narratology and game design and focuses on creating a cognitive model of the player’s understanding of an unfolding story in an interactive narrative through the use of narrative affordances. Rogelio completed a M.Sc. in Computer Science at North Carolina State University, and a B.Sc. in Computer Engineering at the University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez. He has held internship positions at Sandia National Laboratories, Apple, The MIT/Lincoln Laboratory and Goldman Sachs. Rogelio is a Department of Energy Computational Science Graduate Fellow and a GEM Fellow.