Canine Olfaction Science and Law Advances in Forensic Science, Medicine, Conservation, and Environmental Remediation

The value of the canine nose is well-documented, and working dogs are being utilized for their olfactory skills in an increasing number of fields. Not only are dogs used by police, security, and the military, but they are also now used in forensic science, in medical detection of disease, in calculating population trends of endangered species and eradicating invasive species in protected environments, and in identifying infestations and chemical contaminants. Edited and contributed to by eminent scholars, Canine Olfaction Science and Law: Advances in Forensic Science, Medicine, Conservation, and Environmental Remediation takes a systematic scientific approach to canine olfaction. It includes work from scientists working in pure and applied disciplines, trainers and handlers who have trained and deployed detection dogs, and lawyers who have evaluated evidence produced with the aid of detection and scent identification dogs. The book is divided into six sections covering The anatomy, genetics, neurology, and evolution of canine olfaction as well as diseases affecting it The chemistry and aerodynamics of odors Behavior, learning, and training Uses of canine olfaction in forensics and law Uses in conservation and remediation Uses in detection of diseases and medical conditions The various contributors describe cutting edge research, some conclusions of which are the subject of vigorous debates between various laboratories and researchers. The editors have added cross-references so that readers can consider the different perspectives that are currently being advanced and understand where consensus is being built and where more research needs to be done. A useful practical reference, Canine Olfaction Science and Law provides a wealth of information beneficial to a wide range of disciplines. It aids trainers and handlers of detection dogs as well as various professionals in healthcare, law enforcement, forensic science, and environmental conservation to gain a better understanding of the remarkable power of the canine nose while encouraging further advances in applications.

ANATOMY, GENETICS, NEUROLOGY, DISEASE, AND EVOLUTIONThe Anatomy of the Canine NoseDavid BainbridgeEvolution of the NoseEmbryonic Development of the NoseSkeleton of the MuzzleNasal Planum, Cartilages, and MusclesVestibule and Vomeronasal OrganNasal Cavities and Paranasal SinusesOlfactory Receptor Cells and Their Connections to the BrainWiring of the Olfactory System and the Functional Role of Neurons and Glia during Lifelong TurnoverKonstantin Wewetzer and Gudrun BrandesCellular Constituents of the Olfactory SystemFunctional Role of Olfactory Sensory Neurons and Olfactory Ensheathing Cells during Lifelong Neural TurnoverLessons from the Olfactory System for the Treatment of Canine and Human Central Nervous System InjuryOlfaction and the Canine BrainMarcello SiniscalchiFunctional Magnetic Resonance ImagingPathways of Olfactory Stimulation to the Canine BrainHemispheric Specialization and Olfaction in DogsOlfactory Cues in Social BehaviorConclusionsGenetics of Canine OlfactionPascale Quignon and Francis GalibertOlfactory SystemsOdorant ReceptorsThe Dog’s OR RepertoireDog Olfaction and Its Practical ApplicationsConclusionEndnotesEffects of Disease on Canine OlfactionCynthia M. OttoDiagnosis of Olfactory DysfunctionCauses of Olfactory DysfunctionConclusionsOlfaction in Wild Canids and Russian Canid HybridsNathaniel J. Hall, Alexandra Protopopova, and Clive D.L. WynneThe Function of the Canine NoseIs Wild Canid Olfaction Better?ConclusionsEndnotesCHEMISTRY AND AERODYNAMICS OF ODORSThe Development of Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Its Uses in Odor AnalysisJoanna Rudnicka and Boguslaw BuszewskiBeginnings of Gas ChromatographyThe Gas ChromatographMass SpectrometryCombining Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography with Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (GC x GC-TOF/MS)Applications of Gas Chromatography/Mass SpectrometryConclusionsAerodynamics of Odor Plumes and Odor Plume Structures in Different HabitatsPaul A. MooreImportance of ScalePhysical Constraints on Odor Transmission in AirSummary of the Physical Constraints to Odor DispersionOdor Landscapes at Varying ScalesSearching Odor Landscapes: Environment-Specific Odor FieldsSummaryThe Practical and Legal Significance of the Chemical Analysis of Odor in Relation to Canine Forensic and Judicial EvidenceJohn Ensminger and Megan A. FergusonVolatile Organic Compounds and the Odor of Human CadaversSearch for the Human Decomposition ProfileRelating Analytically Determined Decomposition Profiles to Canine Scent AlertsCocaine on CurrencyConclusionEndnotesBEHAVIOR, LEARNING, AND TRAININGCanine Olfactory Learning and BehaviorNathaniel J. Hall and Clive D.L. WynneClassical (Pavlovian) ConditioningOperant ConditioningDelivery of the ReinforcerStimulus ControlSimple Odor MixturesComplex Stimulus ControlConditional Discrimination: The Dual Function DogMemoryConclusion and Future DirectionsEndnotesTraining Considerations in Wildlife DetectionAimee Hurt, Deborah A. (Smith) Woollett, and Megan ParkerDog SelectionHandler SelectionPassive Final ResponseTraining SamplesTransition to Naturally Occurring TargetsResponsibilities of the HandlerNontarget IssuesMaintaining Target Fidelity in the FieldConclusionEndnoteTraining Fundamentals and the Selection of Dogs and Personnel for Detection WorkSherri Minhinnick, L.E. Papet, Carol M. Stephenson, and Mark R. StephensonIs Training an Art or a Science?Axioms of Canine TrainingAnthropomorphism as a ConfounderActions and Intonations of CueingSelecting Dogs for Olfaction ResponsibilitiesSelection and Appointment of a HandlerSelection of a Trainer or a VendorSummaryEndnoteTraining a Statistically Superior Scent Discrimination Canine: Where Trainer Wisdom Meets Scientific ValidationL.E. Papet and Sherri MinhinnickAcclimationMarkers as Rewards, Reinforcers, Motivators, and CommandsPreconditioning and Initial Odor Recognition TrainingTraining for ReliabilitySummaryStatistical Reliability Confounders and Improvement in Advanced Dog Training: Patterns, Routines, Targets, Alerts, Distractors, Reinforcement, and Other IssuesSherri MinhinnickIndependent Sniffing and Patterning During Search RoutinesTypes of Alerts and IndicationsDistractors, Detection to DiscriminationContinuous Improvement Is MandatorySummaryUSES IN FORENSICS AND LAWCanine Drug-Detection Evidence: Admissibility, Canine Qualifications, and Investigative PracticesLeslie A. ShoebothamBackground and Canine Sniff DoctrineCanine Sniffs of VehiclesCanine Sniffs of HomesDetection Dog Certification, Training, and Field Performance RecordsDetermining Canine Reliability for Contraband DetectionCanine-Reliability Determinations after HarrisTypes of Canine-Reliability Evidence SubmittedDaubert Challenges to Canine Sniff Evidence after HarrisRetirement of Marijuana-Trained Detection Dogs in States Where Marijuana Possession and Use Has Been DecriminalizingCanine Sniff of a PersonAcknowledgmentEndnotesCadaver Detection in Forensic Anthropology and Criminology: An Overview with Personal NotesKeith P. JacobiHistory behind Forensic Anthropology and Cadaver DogsSearch for Remains and Reliability of Cadaver DogsLocating Antiquated Buried Human BoneCadaver Dog and Scent of Burned or Cremated Human BonePositive and Negative: Judicial Cases with Cadaver DogsCadaver Dogs and Detection of Human Remains in WaterFuture DirectionsEndnotesDetection of Cocaine on CurrencyThomas H. JourdanU.S. v. $30,060U.S. v. $215,300Cocaine on CurrencyInterpretation of the Level of Drugs on CurrencySummaryEndnotesNarcotic and Explosive Odors: Volatile Organic Compounds as Training Aids for Olfactory DetectionL.E. PapetTypes of MaterialsContamination Types and CausesOdor Concentration, Availability, and AttributesOdor Aid Usage in Training and DeploymentSummaryScent Lineups: Variables in Procedures and Statistical VerificationTadeusz JezierskiIndividual Odor TheoryRationale for Identification by Scent Lineup for Forensic PurposesDifferent Scent for Different Body PartsEvaluation of Indications and Validity of Canine IdentificationValidity of Scent LineupsPreferred Scented Items for LineupsAttractivenessFamiliarity and GenderTime Factor in Scent RecognitionCosmetics and SmokingControl TrialsNumber of Stations and Target SamplesControl and "Zero" TrialsEffect of Increasing the Number of Dogs UsedClever Hans EffectLocation of Target Samples in LineupsAbilities of Individual DogsOther Uses of Canine LineupsConclusionHow US Courts Deal with the "Black Box" of Canine Scent IdentificationJohn EnsmingerDevelopment of Foundational Requirements for Tracking EvidenceScent LineupsScent Transfer UnitsCourts Begin to Question Validity of Scent LineupsHow Do Courts Deal with the "Black Box"?EndnotesUSES IN CONSERVATION AND REMEDIATIONTrained Dogs in Insect DetectionMargie P. Lehnert and Emma N.I. WeeksBeneficial InsectsHarmful InsectsDifficulties with Detecting InsectsAdvantages of Canine Insect Scent DetectionEarly History of Canine Insect Scent DetectionEfficacy of Canine Detection for Insect SurveillanceFalse–Positive IndicationsTraining Dogs with Live InsectsAlternatives to Live Insects for TrainingEfficacy of Alternatives to Live Insects for Training PurposesApplied Canine Insect Scent DetectionConclusionDetection Dogs in Strategies for Eradicating Pest Species from Natural EnvironmentsKeith SpringerMacquarie IslandNew Zealand Department of Conservation Pest Detection Dog ProgramConclusionEndnotesCanine Biodetection in Conservation, Eradication, and Border Protection: A Regulatory PerspectiveJohn EnsmingerConservationUse of Detection DogsRegulatory Requirements for Arctic SurveysHabitat FragmentationIdentification of Individual TigersDetection of Disease in WildlifeVultures, Poisons, and PollutantsEradicationSummaryAcknowledgmentEndnotesUSES IN DETECTION OF DISEASES AND MEDICAL CONDITIONSDetection of Human Cancer by DogsTadeusz JezierskiMalignant MelanomaLung CancerBreast CancerProstate CancerBladder CancerOvarian CancerColorectal CancerState of Research and Prospects for Clinical

Tadeusz Jezierski is professor of agricultural science at the Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He has been a full professor at the institute since 1999 and is the head of the institute’s Department of Animal Behavior. He is an internationally known author on a wide range of topics and has written papers on animal behavior, genetics, and animal welfare. His recent research interests include operant conditioning of sniffer dogs, behavioral genetics, human–animal interactions and the human–animal bond, genetic and environmental factors influencing social and sexual behavior of farm animals, feeding behavior, and emotional behavior and physiological reactions in farm animals. He has written 73 peer-reviewed publications in scientific journals, four monographs, four handbooks, 11 book chapters, and 111 conference reports. John Ensminger, a member of the bar of the State of New York, who has practiced in the areas of constitutional law, mental patient civil rights, taxation of financial instruments, anti-money laundering and counterfinancing of terrorism, and most recently the law as it applies to skilled dogs. He has written over 30 papers on these topics, with articles on service and police dogs appearing in numerous journals. He is also a contributing editor for the website of the Animal Legal and Historical Center of the Michigan State University College of Law. He has written two books on specialized dogs, Service and Therapy Dogs in American Society and Police and Military Dogs. L.E. Papet is the owner and operator of K9 Resources, LLC, a privately held licensed investigative firm that specializes in the use of detection canines. As a scientific data-driven canine trainer, handler, and consultant, his primary focus is the training, testing and use of canines in olfactory disciplines including, but not limited to, explosives, illicit drugs, humans (live and deceased), pharmaceuticals, alcohol, accelerants, and many other forms of contraband and odor for both public and private sectors. He has trained hundreds of local, state, and federal officials, has written over 170 protocols for the training, testing, safety, deployment, and implementation of detection canines, and has received commendations for his work. He enjoys contributing to works involving working dogs employing the use of their olfactory skills and may be contacted at lep@k9resources.com.