Biomedical Image Analysis

Biomedical Image Analysis demonstrates the benefits reaped from the application of digital image processing, computer vision, and pattern analysis techniques to biomedical images, such as adding objective strength and improving diagnostic confidence through quantitative analysis. The book focuses on post-acquisition challenges such as image enhancement, detection of edges and objects, analysis of shape, quantification of texture and sharpness, and pattern analysis, rather than on the imaging equipment and imaging techniques. Each chapter addresses several problems associated with imaging or image analysis, outlining the typical processes and then detailing more sophisticated methods directed to the specific problems of interest.

Computers have become an integral part of medical imaging systems and are used for everything from data acquisition and image generation to image display and analysis. As the scope and complexity of imaging technology steadily increase, more advanced techniques are required to solve the emerging challenges.Biomedical Image Analysis demonstrates the benefits reaped from the application of digital image processing, computer vision, and pattern analysis techniques to biomedical images, such as adding objective strength and improving diagnostic confidence through quantitative analysis. The book focuses on post-acquisition challenges such as image enhancement, detection of edges and objects, analysis of shape, quantification of texture and sharpness, and pattern analysis, rather than on the imaging equipment and imaging techniques. Each chapter addresses several problems associated with imaging or image analysis, outlining the typical processes, then detailing more sophisticated methods directed to the specific problems of interest.Biomedical Image Analysis is useful for senior undergraduate and graduate biomedical engineering students, practicing engineers, and computer scientists working in diverse areas such as telecommunications, biomedical applications, and hospital information systems.

PREFACETHE NATURE OF BIOMEDICAL IMAGESBody Temperature as an ImageTransilluminationLight MicroscopyElectron MicroscopyX-ray Imaging TomographyNuclear Medicine Imaging UltrasonographyMagnetic Resonance ImagingObjectives of Biomedical Image AnalysisComputer-aided DiagnosisRemarksStudy Questions and ProblemsLaboratory Exercises and Projects IMAGE QUALITY AND INFORMATION CONTENTDifficulties in Image Acquisition and AnalysisCharacterization of Image QualityDigitization of Images Optical Density Dynamic Range ContrastHistogram EntropyBlur and Spread FunctionsResolutionThe Fourier Transform and Spectral ContentModulation Transfer FunctionSignal-to-Noise RatioError-based MeasuresApplication: Image Sharpness and AcutanceRemarks Study Questions and ProblemsLaboratory Exercises and ProjectsREMOVAL OF ARTIFACTSCharacterization of ArtifactsSynchronized or Multiframe AveragingSpace-domain Local-statistics-based FiltersFrequency-domain FiltersMatrix Representation of Image ProcessingOptimal FilteringAdaptive FiltersComparative Analysis of Filters for Noise Removal Application: Multiframe Averaging in Confocal Microscopy Application: Noise Reduction in Nuclear Medicine Imaging Remarks Study Questions and ProblemsLaboratory Exercises and ProjectsIMAGE ENHANCEMENT Digital Subtraction AngiographyDual-energy and Energy-subtraction X-ray Imaging Temporal Subtraction Gray-scale Transforms Histogram Transformation Convolution Mask Operators High-frequency Emphasis Homomorphic Filtering for EnhancementAdaptive Contrast Enhancement Objective Assessment of Contrast EnhancementApplication: Contrast Enhancement of Mammograms Remarks Study Questions and ProblemsLaboratory Exercises and ProjectsDETECTION OF REGIONS OF INTERESTThresholding and BinarizationDetection of Isolated Points and LinesEdge DetectionSegmentation and Region Growing Fuzzy-set-based Region Growing to Detect Breast Tumors Detection of Objects of Known Geometry Methods for the Improvement of Contour or Region Estimates Application: Detection of the Spinal Canal Application: Detection of the Breast Boundary in Mammograms Application: Detection of the Pectoral Muscle in Mammograms Application: Improved Segmentation of Breast Masses by Fuzzy-set-based Fusion of Contours and Regions Remarks Study Questions and Problems Laboratory Exercises and Projects ANALYSIS OF SHAPERepresentation of Shapes and ContoursShape FactorsFourier DescriptorsFractional ConcavityAnalysis of SpicularityApplication: Shape Analysis of Calcifications Application: Shape Analysis of Breast Masses and TumorsRemarks Study Questions and ProblemsLaboratory Exercises and ProjectsANALYSIS OF TEXTURE Texture in Biomedical Images Models for the Generation of Texture Statistical Analysis of Texture Laws' Measures of Texture Energy Fractal Analysis Fourier-domain Analysis of TextureSegmentation and Structural Analysis of Texture Audification and Sonification of Texture in Images Application: Analysis of Breast Masses Using Texture and Gradient Measures {627}Remarks Study Questions and ProblemsLaboratory Exercises and ProjectsANALYSIS OF ORIENTED PATTERNS Oriented Patterns in Images Measures of Directional DistributionDirectional FilteringGabor Filters Directional Analysis via Multiscale Edge DetectionHough-Radon Transform Analysis Application: Analysis of Ligament HealingApplication: Detection of Breast TumorsApplication: Bilateral Asymmetry in Mammograms Application: Architectural Distortion in Mammograms RemarksStudy Questions and ProblemsLaboratory Exercises and ProjectsIMAGE RECONSTRUCTION FROM PROJECTIONS Projection Geometry The Fourier Slice TheoremBackprojectionAlgebraic Reconstruction TechniquesImaging with Diffracting SourcesDisplay of CT ImagesAgricultural and Forestry ApplicationsMicrotomographyApplication: Analysis of the Tumor in Neuroblastoma RemarksStudy Questions and ProblemsLaboratory Exercises and ProjectsDECONVOLUTION, DEBLURRING, AND RESTORATIONLinear Space-invariant Restoration FiltersBlind DeblurringHomomorphic DeconvolutionSpace-variant Restoration Application: Restoration of Nuclear Medicine ImagesRemarksStudy Questions and ProblemsLaboratory Exercises and ProjectsIMAGE CODING AND DATA COMPRESSION Considerations Based on Information TheoryFundamental Concepts of CodingDirect Source CodingApplication: Source Coding of Digitized Mammograms The Need for DecorrelationTransform CodingInterpolative CodingPredictive CodingImage Scanning Using the Peano-Hilbert Curve Image Coding and Compression Standards Segmentation-based Adaptive ScanningEnhanced JBIG CodingLower-limit Analysis of Lossless Data Compression Application: Teleradiology RemarksStudy Questions and ProblemsLaboratory Exercises and ProjectsPATTERN CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSTIC DECISIONPattern Classification Supervised Pattern Classification Unsupervised Pattern Classification Probabilistic Models and Statistical DecisionLogistic RegressionThe Training and Test StepsNeural NetworksMeasures of Diagnostic Accuracy Reliability of Features, Classifiers, and DecisionsApplication: Image Enhancement for Breast Cancer ScreeningApplication: Classification of Breast Masses and Tumors via Shape AnalysisApplication: Content-based Retrieval and Analysis of Breast Masses RemarksStudy Questions and Problems Laboratory Exercises and Projects REFERENCESINDEX

Rangaraj M. Rangayyan