Biological Wastewater Treatment

Following in the footsteps of previous highly successful and useful editions, Biological Wastewater Treatment, Third Edition presents the theoretical principles and design procedures for biochemical operations used in wastewater treatment processes. It reflects important changes and advancements in the field, such as a revised treatment of the microbiology and kinetics of nutrient removal and an update of the simulation of biological phosphorous removal with a more contemporary model. See what’s new in the Third Edition: A chapter devoted to the description and simulation of anaerobic bioreactors Coverage of applications of submerged attached growth bioreactors Expanded discussion of modeling attached growth systems Increased information on the fate and effects of trace contaminants as they relate to xenobiotic organic chemicals A chapter on applying biochemical unit operations to design systems for greater sustainability The book describes named biochemical operations in terms of treatment objectives, biochemical environment, and reactor configuration; introduces the format and notation used throughout the text; and presents the basic stoichiometry and kinetics of microbial reactions that are key to quantitative descriptions of biochemical operations. It then examines the stoichiometry and kinetics used to investigate the theoretical performance of biological reactors containing microorganisms suspended in the wastewater. The authors apply this theory to the operations introduced, taking care to highlight the practical constraints that ensure system functionality in the real world. The authors focus on further biochemical operations in which microorganisms grow attached to solid surfaces, adding complexity to the analysis, even though the operations are often simpler in application. They conclude with a look to the future, introducing the fate and effects of xenobiotic and trace contaminants in wastewater treatment systems and examining how the application of biochemical operations can lead to a more sustainable world.

Introduction and BackgroundClassification of Biochemical OperationsThe Role of Biochemical OperationsCriteria for ClassificationCommon “Named” Biochemical OperationsKey PointsStudy QuestionsReferencesFundamentals of Biochemical OperationsOverview of Biochemical OperationsMajor Types of Microorganisms and Their RolesMicrobial Ecosystems in Biochemical OperationsImportant Processes in Biochemical OperationsKey PointsStudy QuestionsReferencesStoichiometry and Kinetics of Aerobic/Anoxic Biochemical OperationsStoichiometry and Generalized Reaction RateBiomass Growth and Substrate UtilizationSoluble Microbial Product FormationSolubilization of Particulate and High Molecular Weight Organic MatterAmmonification and Ammonia UtilizationPhosphorus Uptake and ReleaseSimplified Stoichiometry and Its UseEffects of TemperatureKey PointsStudy QuestionsReferencesTheory: Modeling of Ideal Suspended Growth ReactorsModeling Suspended Growth SystemsModeling Microbial SystemsMass Balance EquationReactor TypesModeling Nonideal ReactorsKey PointsStudy QuestionsReferencesAerobic Growth of Heterotrophs in a Single Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor Receiving Soluble SubstrateBasic Model for a Continuous Stirred Tank ReactorExtensions of the Basic ModelEffects of Kinetic ParametersBiomass Wastage and RecycleKey PointsStudy QuestionsReferencesMultiple Microbial Activities in a Single Continuous Stirred Tank ReactorInternational Water Association Activated Sludge ModelsEffect of Particulate SubstrateNitrification and Its ImpactsDenitrification and Its ImpactsMultiple EventsKey PointsStudy QuestionsReferencesMultiple Microbial Activities in Complex SystemsModeling Complex SystemsConventional and High Purity Oxygen Activated SludgeStep Feed Activated SludgeContact Stabilization Activated SludgeModified Ludzack–Ettinger ProcessFour-Stage Bardenpho ProcessBiological Phosphorus Removal ProcessSequencing Batch ReactorKey PointsStudy QuestionsReferencesStoichiometry, Kinetics, and Simulations of Anaerobic Biochemical OperationsStoichiometry of Anaerobic Biochemical OperationsKinetics of Anaerobic Biochemical OperationsAnaerobic Digestion Model No. 1Key PointsStudy QuestionsReferencesTechniques for Evaluating Kinetic and Stoichiometric ParametersTreatability StudiesSimple Soluble Substrate Model with Traditional Decay as Presented in Chapter 5Simple Soluble Substrate Model with Traditional Decay in the Absence of Data on the Active FractionUse of Batch Reactors to Determine Monod Kinetic Parameters for Single SubstratesComplex Substrate Model with Lysis:Regrowth Approach to Decay as Presented in Chapter 6 (International Water Association Activated Sludge Model No. 1)Using Traditional Measurements to Approximate Wastewater Characteristics for ModelingKey PointsStudy QuestionsReferencesApplications: Suspended Growth ReactorsDesign and Evaluation of Suspended Growth ProcessesGuiding PrinciplesIterative Nature of Process Design and EvaluationBasic Decisions during Design and EvaluationLevels of Design and EvaluationKey PointsStudy QuestionsReferencesActivated SludgeProcess DescriptionFactors Affecting PerformanceProcess DesignProcess OperationKey PointsStudy QuestionsReferencesBiological Nutrient RemovalProcess DescriptionProcess DesignProcess OperationKey PointsStudy QuestionsReferencesAerobic DigestionProcess DescriptionFactors Affecting PerformanceProcess DesignProcess OperationStudy QuestionsReferencesAnaerobic ProcessesProcess DescriptionFactors Affecting PerformanceProcess DesignKey PointsStudy QuestionsReferencesLagoonsProcess DescriptionFactors Affecting PerformanceProcess DesignProcess OperationKey PointsStudy QuestionsReferencesTheory: Modeling of Ideal Attached Growth ReactorsBiofilm ModelingEffects of Transport LimitationsEffects of Multiple Limiting NutrientsMultispecies BiofilmsMultidimensional Mathematical Models of BiofilmsKey PointsStudy QuestionsReferencesBiofilm ReactorsPacked TowersRotating Disc ReactorsKey PointsStudy QuestionsReferencesFluidized Bed Biological ReactorsDescription of Fluidized Bed Biological ReactorFluidizationModeling Fluidized Bed Biological ReactorsTheoretical Performance of Fluidized Bed Biological ReactorsSizing a Fluidized Bed Biological ReactorKey PointsStudy QuestionsReferencesApplications: Attached Growth ReactorsTrickling FilterProcess DescriptionFactors Affecting PerformanceProcess DesignProcess OperationKey PointsStudy QuestionsReferencesRotating Biological ContactorProcess DescriptionFactors Affecting PerformanceProcess DesignProcess OperationKey PointsStudy QuestionsReferencesSubmerged Attached Growth BioreactorsProcess DescriptionFactors Affecting PerformanceProcess DesignProcess OperationKey PointsStudy QuestionsReferencesFuture ChallengesFate and Effects of Xenobiotic Organic ChemicalsBiodegradationAbiotic Removal MechanismsRelative Importance of Biotic and Abiotic RemovalEffects of Xenobiotic Organic ChemicalsExperience with Xenobiotic Organic ChemicalsKey PointsStudy QuestionsReferencesDesigning Systems for SustainabilityDefining SustainabilityTechnologies to Achieve Greater Water Resource AvailabilityTechnologies to Achieve Lower Energy and Chemical ConsumptionTechnologies to Achieve Resource RecoveryClosing CommentsStudy QuestionsReferencesAppendix A: AcronymsAppendix B: SymbolsAppendix C: Unit ConversionsIndex