Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits to Biomedical Instrumentation

Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits to Biomedical Instrumentation, Second Edition helps biomedical engineers understand the basic analog electronic circuits used for signal conditioning in biomedical instruments. It explains the function and design of signal conditioning systems using analog ICs—the circuits that enable ECG, EEG, EMG, ERG, tomographic images, biochemical spectrograms, and other crucial medical applications. This book demonstrates how op amps are the keystone of modern analog signal conditioning system design and illustrates how they can be used to build instrumentation amplifiers, active filters, and many other biomedical instrumentation systems and subsystems. It introduces the mathematical tools used to describe noise and its propagation through linear systems, and it looks at how signal-to-noise ratios can be improved by signal averaging and linear filtering. Features Analyzes the properties of photonic sensors and emitters and the circuits that power them Details the design of instrumentation amplifiers and medical isolation amplifiers Considers the modulation and demodulation of biomedical signals Examines analog power amplifiers, including power op amps and class D (switched) PAs Describes wireless patient monitoring, including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth communication protocols Explores RFID, GPS, and ultrasonic tags and the design of fractal antennas Addresses special analog electronic circuits and systems such as phase-sensitive rectifiers, phase detectors, and IC thermometers By explaining the "building blocks" of biomedical systems, the author illustrates the importance of signal conditioning systems in the devices that gather and monitor patients’ critical medical information. Fully revised and updated, this second edition includes new chapters, a glossary, and end-of-chapter problems. What’s New in This Edition Updated and revised material throughout the book A chapter on the applications, circuits, and characteristics of power amplifiers A chapter on wireless patient monitoring using UHF telemetry A chapter on RFID tags, GPS tags, and ultrasonic tags A glossary to help you decode the acronyms and terms used in biomedical electronics, physiology, and biochemistry New end-of-chapter problems and examples

All chapters include an introduction and chapter summary. Sources and Properties of Biomedical SignalsSources of Endogenous Bioelectric SignalsNerve Action PotentialsMuscle Action PotentialsThe ElectrocardiogramOther BiopotentialsElectrical Properties of BioelectrodesExogenous Bioelectric SignalsProperties and Models of Semiconductor Devices Used in Analog Electronic Systemspn Junction DiodesMidfrequency Models for BJT BehaviorMidfrequency Models for Field-Effect TransistorsHigh-Frequency Models for Transistors and Simple Transistor AmplifiersPhotons, Photodiodes, Photoconductors, LEDs, and Laser DiodesThe Differential AmplifierDA Circuit ArchitectureCommon-Mode Rejection RatioCM and DM Gain of Simple DA Stages at High FrequenciesInput Resistance of Simple Transistor DAsHow Signal Source Impedance Affects the Low-Frequency CMRRHow Op Amps Can be Used to Make DAs for Medical ApplicationsGeneral Properties of Electronic, Single-Loop Feedback SystemsClassification of Electronic Feedback SystemsSome Effects of Negative Voltage FeedbackEffects of Negative Current FeedbackPositive Voltage FeedbackFeedback, Frequency Response, and Amplifier StabilityReview of Amplifier Frequency ResponseWhat Is Meant by Feedback System StabilityThe Use of Root Locus in Feedback Amplifier DesignUse of Root-Locus in the Design of "Linear" OscillatorsOperational Amplifiers and ComparatorsThe Ideal Op AmpPractical Op AmpsGain-Bandwidth Relations for Voltage-Feedback OAsGain-Bandwidth Relations in Current Feedback AmplifiersAnalog Voltage ComparatorsSome Applications of Op Amps in BiomedicineIntroduction to Analog Active FiltersActive Filter ApplicationsTypes of Analog Active FiltersElectronically Tunable AFsInstrumentation and Medical Isolation AmplifiersInstrumentation AmpsMedical Isolation AmpsSafety Standards in Medical Electronic AmplifiersMedical-Grade Power SuppliesNoise and the Design of Low-Noise Signal Conditioning Systems for Biomedical ApplicationsDescriptors of Random Noise in Biomedical Measurement SystemsPropagation of Noise Through LTI FiltersNoise Factor and Figure of AmplifiersCascaded Noisy AmplifiersNoise in Differential AmplifiersEffect of Feedback on NoiseExamples of Noise-Limited Resolution of Certain Signal Conditioning SystemsSome Low-Noise AmplifiersThe Art of Low-Noise Signal Conditioning System DesignDigital InterfacesAliasing and the Sampling TheoremDigital-to-Analog ConvertersSample-and-Hold CircuitsAnalog-to-Digital ConvertersQuantization NoiseModulation and Demodulation of Biomedical SignalsModulation of a Sinusoidal Carrier Viewed in the Frequency DomainImplementation of AMGeneration of Phase and Frequency ModulationDemodulation of Modulated Sinusoidal CarriersModulation and Demodulation of Digital CarriersPower Amplifiers and Their Applications in BiomedicinePower Output DevicesClasses of Power Amplifiers: PA EfficiencyClass D Power AmplifiersNonlinearity and Distortion in PAsIC Voltage Regulators in Medical Electronic SystemsHeatsinkingWireless Patient MonitoringSensors and Sensor Signals Communicated in WPMModulation in WPMRF Communications Protocols Used in WPMUHF Transmitters and AntennasWPM SystemsHow WPM Reduces the Probability of Patient MicroshockPrivacy in WPMRFID Tags, GPS Tags, and Ultrasonic Tags Used in Ecological ResearchApplications of RFID TagsDesign of RFID TagsTag ReadersGPS TagsUltrasonic Tags in Fisheries BiologyExamples of Special Analog Circuits and Systems Used in Biomedical InstrumentationThe Phase-Sensitive RectifierPhase DetectorsVoltage and Current-Controlled OscillatorsPhase-Lock LoopsTrue RMS ConvertersIC Temperature SensorsThree Examples of Medical Instrumentation SystemsAppendixGlossaryBibliography and Recommended Reading

Robert B. Northrop is Professor Emeritus and the former Program Director of the Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program at the University of Connecticut.