Almost All Aliens Immigration, Race, and Colonialism in American History and Identity

Almost All Aliens offers a unique reinterpretation of immigration in the history of the United States. Setting aside the European migrant-centered melting-pot model of immigrant assimilation, Paul Spickard, Francisco Beltrán, and Laura Hooton put forward a fresh and provocative reconceptualization that embraces the multicultural, racialized, and colonially inflected reality of immigration that has always existed in the United States. Their astute study illustrates the complex relationship between ethnic identity and race, slavery, and colonial expansion. Examining the lives of those who crossed the Atlantic, as well as those who crossed the Pacific, the Caribbean, and the North American Borderlands, Almost All Aliens provides a distinct, inclusive, and critical analysis of immigration, race, and identity in the United States from 1600 until the present. The second edition updates Almost All Aliens through the first two decades of the twenty-first century, recounting and analyzing the massive changes in immigration policy, the reception of immigrants, and immigrant experiences that whipsawed back and forth throughout the era. It includes a new final chapter that brings the story up to the present day. This book will appeal to students and researchers alike studying the history of immigration, race, and colonialism in the United States, as well as those interested in American identity, especially in the context of the early twenty-first century.

1. Immigration, Race, Ethnicity, Colonialism Beyond Ellis Island—How Not to Think About Immigration History Not Assimilation but Race Making The Immigrant Assimilation Model The Transnational Diasporic Model The Panethnic Formation Model Race Versus Ethnicity: The Difference, and the Difference It Makes Ethnic Formation Processes Colonialism and Race Making Words Matter Some Terms the Reader May Want to Think About Differently An Idea That May Be New 2. Colliding Peoples in Eastern North America, 1600–1780 What Do We Celebrate? In the Beginning There Were Indians Diversity Origins There Goes the Neighborhood: European Incursion and "Settlement" Spanish, French, and Dutch Encounter Native Peoples English Immigrants Encounter Native Peoples Resistance, Conflict, Genocide A Mixed Multitude: European Migrants English Immigrants Immigration Policy Under the British Other Europeans Indenture From English to American Out of Africa To Become a Slave Dimensions and Effects How "Black" and "Slave" Came to Mean the Same Thing Variations on a Theme From Igbo and Bambara to Negro Merging Peoples, Blending Cultures The End of an Age Identity: Black, White, and Red Assimilation 3. An Anglo-American Republic? Racial Citizenship, 1760–1860 Slavery and Antislavery in the Era of the American Revolution Thinking About Freedom, and Not Three-Fifths of a Person Partly Free People of Color and One Drop of Blood Africans and Indians Free White Persons: Defining Membership Playing Indian: White Appropriations of Native American Symbols and Identities European Immigrants Beginnings of US Immigration Policy Immigration, but Not "Old" or "New" British Germans Peasants Into City People: The Famine Irish Sephardim and German Jews Issues in European Migration Individual Choice or Embedded in a Web of Industrial Capital? Recruitment and Chain Migration Changes in Transportation Technology and Travel Conditions Nativism Were the Irish Ever Not White? Making a White Race 4. The Border Crossed Us: Euro-Americans Take the Continent, 1830–1900 US Colonial Expansion Across North America Making Empire, Making Race: Manifest Destiny and Westward Expansion Indian Deportation to the West Resistance and Genocide The Remnant: Reservation Indians Disappearing Peoples Native American Panethnic Formation Taking the Mexican Northlands Forget the Alamo: Taking Texas for Slavery Expanding Aggression Incorporating Mexico’s People, and Not Making Race in California Racial Replacement East from Asia Chinese Immigrants The Anti-Chinese Movement Slave and Citizen Colonialism and Race Making 5. The Great Wave, 1870–1930 From New Sources and Old, to America and Back Still Coming From Northwest Europe New Sources of Workers in Southern Europe From Eastern Europe, Too Northeast Europeans Making a Multiethnic Working Class in the West Chinese Japanese Mexicans Filipinos and Other Asians Expunging Native Peoples Interlocking Discriminations 6. Cementing Hierarchy: Issues and Interpretations, 1870–1930 How They Lived and Worked The Immigrant Working Class Not All Were Working Class Leading the Poor Gender and Migration Angles of Entry Making Jim Crow in the South Making Racial and Ethnic Hierarchy in the North Whiteness of Several Colors Beginnings of Black Migration Empire and Race Making Making War on Our Little Brown Brothers Queen Lili`uokalani Loses Her Country Law, Race, and Immigration Race and Gender Before the Law Legal Whiteness Racialist Pseudoscience and Its Offspring Pseudoscience Becomes Popular Knowledge Perfecting Humans Anti-Immigrant Movements The Anti-Japanese Movement The Americanization Campaign The Campaign for Immigration Restriction Interpretive Issues Orientalism Ethnicity on Display: Ethnic Festivals, World’s Fairs, and Human Zoos Racializing Religion: Jews as White and Not 7. White People’s America, 1924–1965 Recruiting Citizens Second Generations and Third Recruiting Guest Workers Mexicans Filipinos and Puerto Ricans Indians or Citizens? World War II Rooting Out the Zoot Neither an Accident, Nor a Mistake European Refugees and Displaced Persons Cracks in White Hegemony The Cold War: Competing for the World’s Peoples The Black Freedom Movement Racial Fairness and the Immigration Act of 1965 8. New Migrants From New Places: Since 1965 Some Migrants We Know From Asia Fleeing War in Vietnam and Mainland Southeast Asia Draining Brains From the Philippines From Korea From South Asia From China A Model Minority? From the Americas Perhaps a Model Minority: Migrants From Mexico Migrants or Exiles? From Cuba From Other Parts of Latin America and the Caribbean From Europe From Africa Continuing Involvements Abroad 9. Redefining Membership amid Multiplicity: Since 1965 Immigration Reform, Again and Again Panethnic Power The Chicana and Chicano Movement The Asian American Panethnic Movement Native American Political and Cultural Resurgence African Americans After Civil Rights to President Barack Obama Disgruntled White People Not the KKK: White Ethnic Movements Fighting Affirmative Action New Issues in a New Era Changes in Racial Etiquette Multiculturalism The Multiracial Movement Forever Foreigners: Asians and Arabs September 11, 2001, and the Racialization of Middle Eastern Americans National Security and Borders 10. The Return of White Supremacy? Hate in the Time of COVID Triumph of the New Nativism Epoch of Hate: Nativism, the Alt-Right, Anti-Semitism,andIslamophobia Racist and Anti-Immigrant Policies During the Trump Presidency Racism and Etiquette Immigrants By the Numbers: Not Enough Immigrants The Rise and Fall of Mexican Migration Central Americans Islamophobia Militarizing the Border People Without Papers Refugees and Asylum Babies in Cages Political Swings and Resistance 11. Epilogue Projecting the Future Some Issues to Consider As We Look Ahead What Do Immigrants Cost? How Shall We Deal With Inequalities That Have Been Shaped by Generations? Who Is an American? Reprise Hope for the Future? Appendix A

Paul Spickard is Distinguished Professor of History and several other fields at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He has held positions at 15 universities in the United States and abroad. Among his many books are Race in Mind: Critical Essays and Shape Shifters: Journeys Across Terrains of Race and Identity. Francisco Beltrán is Assistant Professor of History at Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK. Previously, he taught at San Francisco State University, the University of Michigan, and Reed College. His teaching and research interests include Chicanx and Latinx history, race and ethnicity, immigration, borderlands, and oral history. Laura Hooton is Assistant Professor of History at Angelo State University, San Angelo, TX. She taught at the United States Military Academy at West Point for three years, where she founded the Black History Project. Her work appears in Farming Across Borders: A Transnational History of the North American West and California History.