Advanced Digital Optical Communications

This second edition of Digital Optical Communications provides a comprehensive treatment of the modern aspects of coherent homodyne and self-coherent reception techniques using algorithms incorporated in digital signal processing (DSP) systems and DSP-based transmitters to overcome several linear and nonlinear transmission impairments and frequency mismatching between the local oscillator and the carrier, as well as clock recovery and cycle slips. These modern transmission systems have emerged as the core technology for Tera-bits per second (bps) and Peta-bps optical Internet for the near future. Featuring extensive updates to all existing chapters, Advanced Digital Optical Communications, Second Edition: Contains new chapters on optical fiber structures and propagation, optical coherent receivers, DSP equalizer algorithms, and high-order spectral DSP receivers Examines theoretical foundations, practical case studies, and MATLAB® and Simulink® models for simulation transmissions Includes new end-of-chapter practice problems and useful appendices to supplement technical information Downloadable content available with qualifying course adoption Advanced Digital Optical Communications, Second Edition supplies a fundamental understanding of digital communication applications in optical communication technologies, emphasizing operation principles versus heavy mathematical analysis. It is an ideal text for aspiring engineers and a valuable professional reference for those involved in optics, telecommunications, electronics, photonics, and digital signal processing.

Preface Acknowledgments Author Acronyms Introduction Digital Optical Communications and Transmission Systems: Challenging Issues Enabling Technologies Modulation Formats and Optical Signal Generation Advanced Modulation Formats Incoherent Optical Receivers DSP-Coherent Optical Receivers Transmission of Ultra-Short Pulse Sequence Electronic Equalization Ultra-Short Pulse Transmission Organization of the Book Chapters References Optical Fibers Overview Optical Fiber: General Properties Geometrical Structures and Index Profile Fundamental Mode of Weakly Guiding Fibers Equivalent Step-Index Description Nonlinear Effects Nonlinear Self-Phase Modulation Effects Self-Phase Modulation Cross-Phase Modulation Stimulated Scattering Effects Signal Attenuation in Optical Fibers Intrinsic or Material Absorption Losses Waveguide Losses Attenuation Coefficient Signal Distortion through Optical Fibers Material Dispersion Waveguide Dispersion Polarization-Mode Dispersion Transfer Function of Single-Mode Fibers Linear Transfer Function Nonlinear Fiber Transfer Function Transmission Bit Rate and the Dispersion Factor Fiber Nonlinearity Revisited SPM and XPM Effects SPM and Modulation Instability Effects of Mode Hopping SPM and Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects Nonlinear Phase Noises in Cascaded Multispan Optical Link Special Dispersion Optical Fibers SMF Transfer Function: Simplified Linear and Nonlinear Operating Region Numerical Solution: Split-Step Fourier Method Symmetrical Split-Step Fourier Method Concluding Remarks References Optical Transmitters Optical Modulators Phase Modulators Intensity Modulators Structures of Photonic Modulators Operating Parameters of Optical Modulators Return-to-Zero Optical Pulses Generation Phasor Representation Differential Phase Shift Keying Background Optical DPSK Transmitter Generation of Modulation Formats Amplitude–Modulation ASK-NRZ and ASK-RZ Discrete Phase–Modulation NRZ Formats Continuous Phase–Modulation PM-NRZ Formats Single-Sideband (SSB) Optical Modulators Multicarrier Multiplexing Optical Modulators Spectra of Modulation Formats Spectral Characteristics of Digital Modulation Formats I–Q Integrated Modulators In-Phase and Quadrature-Phase Optical Modulators I–Q Modulator and Electronic Digital Multiplexing for Ultra-High Bit Rates Digital-to-Analog Converter for DSP-Based Modulation and Transmitter Fujitsu DAC Structure Generation of I and Q Components Concluding Remarks Problems on Tx for Advanced Modulation Formats for Long-Haul Transmission Systems References Optical Receivers and Transmission Performance: Fundamentals Introduction Digital Optical Receivers Photonic and Electronic Noise Performance Evaluation of Binary Amplitude Modulation Format Received Signals Probability Distribution Functions Receiver Sensitivity OSNR and Noise Impact Quantum Limit of Optical Receivers under Different Modulation Formats Direct Detection Coherent Detection Coherent Detection with Matched Filter Binary Coherent Optical Receiver Noncoherent Detection for Optical DPSK and MSK Photonic Balanced Receiver Optical Frequency Discrimination Receiver Transmission Impairments Chromatic Dispersion Chromatic Linear Dispersion Polarization-Mode Dispersion Fiber Nonlinearity MATLAB® and Simulink® Simulator for Optical Communications Systems Fiber Propagation Model Nonlinear Effects via Fiber Propagation Model Performance Evaluation BER from Monte Carlo Method BER and Q Factor from Probability Distribution Functions Histogram Approximation Optical SNR Eye Opening Penalty Statistical Evaluation Techniques Generalized Pareto Distribution Novel BER Statistical Techniques Effects of Source Linewidth Concluding Remarks Problems Appendix: Sellmeier’s Coefficients for Different Core Materials Appendix: Total Equivalent Electronic Noise References Optical Coherent Detection and Processing Systems Introduction Coherent Receiver Components Coherent Detection Optical Heterodyne Detection Optical Homodyne Detection Optical Intradyne Detection Self-Coherent Detection and Electronic DSP Electronic Amplifiers: Responses and Noise Introduction Wideband TIAs Amplifier Noise Referred to Input Digital Signal Processing Systems and Coherent Optical Reception DSP-Assisted Coherent Detection Coherent Reception Analysis Digital Processing Systems Concluding Remarks References Differential Phase Shift Keying Photonic Systems Introduction Optical DPSK Modulation and Formats Generation of RZ Pulses Phasor Representation Phasor Representation of CSRZ Pulses Phasor Representation of RZ33 Pulses Discrete Phase Modulation—DPSK DPSK-Balanced Receiver DPSK Transmission Experiment Components and Operational Characteristics Spectra of Modulation Formats Dispersion Tolerance of Optical DPSK Formats Optical Filtering Effects Performance of CSRZ-DPSK over a Dispersion-Managed Optical Transmission Link Mutual Impact of Adjacent 10G and 40G DWDM Channels DQPSK Modulation Format DQPSK Offset DQPSK Modulation Format MATLAB® and Simulink® Model Comparisons of Different Formats and ASK and DPSK BER and Receiver Sensitivity Dispersion Tolerance PMD Tolerance Robustness toward Nonlinear Effects Concluding Remarks Appendix: MATLAB® and Simulink® Model for DQPSK Optical System References Multilevel Amplitude and Phase Shift Keying Optical Transmission Introduction Amplitude and Differential Phase Modulation ASK Modulation Differential Phase Modulation Comparison of Different Amplitude and Phase Optical Modulation Formats Multilevel Optical Transmitter Using Single Dual-Drive MZIM Transmitter MADPSK Optical Transmission Performance Evaluation Implementation of MADPSK Transmission Models Transmitter Model Receiver Model Transmission Fiber and Dispersion Compensation Fiber Model Transmission Performance Star 16-QAM Optical Transmission Introduction Design of 16-QAM Signal Constellation Signal Constellation Optimum Ring Ratio for Star Constellation Detection Methods Transmitter Design Receiver for 16-Star QAM Other Multilevel and Multi-Subcarrier Modulation Formats for 100 Gbps Ethernet Transmission Concluding Remarks References Continuous Phase Modulation Format Optical Systems Introduction Generation of Optical MSK-Modulated Signals Detection of M-ary CPFSK-Modulated Optical Signal Optical MSK Transmitter Using Parallel I–Q MZIMs Optical MSK Receivers Optical Binary Amplitude MSK Format Generation Optical MSK Numerical Results and Discussion Transmission Performance of Linear and Nonlinear Optical MSK Systems Transmission Performance of Binary Amplitude Optical MSK Systems Concluding Remarks References Frequency Discrimination Reception for Optical Minimum Shift Keying Introduction ONFDR Operational Principles Receiver Modeling Receiver Design Optical Filter Passband Center Frequency of the Optical Filter Optimum ODL ONFDR Optimum Bandwidth and Center Frequency Receiver Performance: Numerical Validation ONFDR Robustness to Chromatic Dispersion Dispersion Tolerance 10 Gbps Transmission Robustness to PMD of ONFDR Resilience to Nonlinearity (SPM) of ONFDR Transmission Limits of OFDR-Based Optical MSK Systems Dual-Level Optical MSK Generation Scheme Incoherent Detection Technique Optical Power Spectrum Receiver Sensitivity Remarks Concluding Remarks References Partial Responses and Single-Sideband Optical Modulation Partial Responses: Duobinary Modulation Formats Introduction DBM Formatter 40 Gbps DB Optical Fiber Transmission Systems Electro-Optic Duobinary Transmitter DuoB Encoder External Modulator DuoB Transmitters and Precoder Alternative Phase DB Transmitter Fiber Propagation Duobinary Direct Detection Receiver System Transmission and Performance DB Encoder Transmitter Transmission Performance Alternating-Phase and Variable-Pulse-Width DuoB: Experimental Setup and Transmission Performance Remarks DWDM VSB Modulation-Format Optical Transmission Transmission System VSB Filtering and DWDM Channels Transmission Dispersion and Compensation Fibers Transmission Performance Single-Sideband Modulation H

Le Nguyen Binh is technical director of Huawei Technologies’ European Research Center, Munich, Germany. He holds a BE (Hons) and Ph.D from the University of Western Australia, Crawley. He has authored and co-authored more than 300 journal papers and eight books, in addition to several refereeing conferences. Previously, he was professorial fellow at Nanyang Technological University of Singapore; the Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Germany; and several Australian universities. He also served as Chair of Commission D (Electronics and Photonics) of the National Committee for Radio Sciences of the Australian Academy of Sciences (1995–2005).