Summary.- Summary.- A Introduction.- A Introduction.- B Societal Conditions for Solving Global Environmental Problems.- 1 Environmental Awareness and Environmental Education.- 1.1 Introduction.- 1.2 Environmentally Related Behavior and Its Determinants.- 1.3 Social Perception of Problems and Environmental Protection: Empirical Findings.- 1.3.1 Methodological Problems of Survey Research.- 1.3.2 Perception of Problems over Time (Longitudinal Analyses).- 1.3.3 Perception of Problems in a National Comparison (Cross-sectional Analyses).- 1.3.4 Values and Value Orientations: the World Values Survey.- 1.3.5 Summary.- 1.4 Environmental Education.- 1.4.1 Development, Standards and Problem Areas of Environmental Education.- 1.4.1.1 Political Declarations Regarding Environmental Education.- 1.4.1.2 Environmental Education in Practice: Criteria, Standards and Deficits.- 1.4.1.3 Environmental Education in Industrialized Countries.- 1.4.1.4 Environmental Education in Developing Countries.- 1.4.2 Activities Concerning Environmental Education in Germany: Global Aspects.- 1.4.2.1 Activities in Connection with Schools.- 1.4.2.2 NGO Activities.- 1.4.3 Activities Concerning Environmental Education in Developing Countries: Global Aspects.- 1.4.3.1 Activities in Schools.- 1.4.3.2 NGO Activities.- 1.4.4 Survey on the Status of Environmental Education in International Comparison.- 1.4.5 Summary.- 1.5 Research Recommendations.- 1.6 Recommended Action.- 2 Exchange of Know-how and Technology Transfer.- 2.1 Formation, Dissemination and Adaptation of Know-how.- 2.2 Opportunities and Limits of the Exchange of Know-how and Technology Transfer.- 2.2.1 Prerequisites.- 2.2.2 Assessment of Institutional Approaches.- 2.3 Summary.- 2.4 Recommendations for Research and Action.- 3 Institutions and Organizations.- 3.1 Problems Related to Institutional Innovation of Global Environmental Policy.- 3.2 Institutionalization of Global Environmental Policy.- 3.2.1 The Formation of Global Environmental Policy.- 3.2.2 Approaches to the Innovation of Global Institutions.- 3.2.2.1 Transfers of Technology and Financial Resources.- 3.2.2.2 Process, Resource and Organizational Control.- 3.2.3 Reforming Global Environmental Institutions.- 3.2.3.1 Basic Restructuring.- 3.2.3.2 Extension and Reform.- 3.2.3.3 Modification and Expansion.- 3.3 Assessment of Global Environmental Institutions: Recommendations for Action and Research.- 3.3.1 Capacity Building.- 3.3.1.1 Qualified Capacity Building.- 3.3.1.2 Responding to Differing Capacities for Action.- 3.3.2 Introduction of International Environmental Audits.- 3.3.3 Flexibilization of Global Environmental Institutions.- 3.3.3.1 Legitimation of Action.- 3.3.3.2 Examples of Flexibilization.- 3.3.3.3 Lean Management and Global Environmental Management.- 3.4 Special German Contributions to Institutional Innovation of Global Environmental Policy.- 4 Growth and Distribution of the World’s Population.- 4.1 Current Trends.- 4.1.1 Population Growth.- 4.1.2 Urbanization.- 4.1.3 Migration.- 4.2 Conferences and International Agreements.- 4.2.1 UNCED 1992: AGENDA 21.- 4.2.1.1 Population Development.- 4.2.1.2 Urbanization.- 4.2.1.3 Migration.- 4.2.2 State, NGOs and Churches.- 4.2.3 The 1994 International Population Conference.- 4.3 Recommendations for Action and Research.- C International Conventions Aimed at Solving Global Environmental Problems.- 1 The Framework Convention on Climate Change — Berlin and its Aftermath.- 1.1 The Berlin Climate Conference — Results and Assessment.- 1.1.1 Climate Politics Between Ecological Necessities and Political Restrictions.- 1.1.2 The Results of the First Conference of the Parties — An Overview.- 1.2 The Relevance of the Human Factor to Climate.- 1.2.1 Evidence for the Anthropogenic Greenhouse Effect.- 1.2.2 Accounting for Anthropogenic Sulfate Aerosols in Global Circulation Models.- 1.2.3 Anthropogenic Forcing of the Earth’s Radiation Balance.- 1.2.4 Time-dependent Relative Global Warming Potentials as the Basis for Political Decision Making.- 1.3 Scenario for Estimating Minimum Targets for Global Emission Reductions.- 1.3.1 The “Backwards” Mode of the Scenario.- 1.3.2 The Basic Assumptions of the Scenario.- 1.3.3 The Key Conclusions of the Scenario.- 1.3.4 Possible Allocation Formulas.- 1.3.5 Conclusions for Altered Assumptions: A Sensitivity Analysis.- 1.4 Implementation of Reduction Requirements.- 1.4.1 The Self-commitment Imposed by Germany.- 1.4.2 Cost-benefit Analyses Applied to Climate Protection Strategies.- 1.4.2.1 Cost-benefit Assessments.- 1.4.2.2 Integrated Models.- 1.4.3 Reduction Potential and the International Distribution of Responsibility.- 1.4.4 Flexibility Under a System of Uniform National Quotas: Joint Implementation and the Tradeable Permit System.- 1.5 Research Recommendations.- 1.6 Recommendations for Action.- 2 The Montreal Protocol -An Example for Successful Environmental Policy.- 2.1 Stratospheric Ozone.- 2.1.1 Introduction.- 2.1.2 Implementation and Impacts of the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments 125..- 2.1.2.1 Recent Developments.- 2.1.2.2 Exceptions.- 2.1.2.3 Substitutes.- 2.1.3 Montreal and After: The EU Initiative.- 2.2 Tropospheric Zone.- 2.2.1 Increase in Surface Level Ozone.- 2.2.2 Impacts of Increased Near-surface Ozone Concentrations.- 2.2.3 Changes in the Ozone Concentration in the Free Troposphere.- 2.3 Dangers of UV-B Radiation.- 2.3.1 Effects of Increased UV-B Radiation.- 2.3.2 Recent Measurements.- 2.4 Recommendations for Research.- 2.5 Recommended Action.- 3 The Convention on the Law of the Sea -Towards the Global Protection of the Seas.- 3.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 3.2 Utilization Functions of the Seas.- 3.3 Transport Function.- 3.3.1 Marine Pollution from Vessels.- 3.3.2 Conflicts Between Flag, Port and Coastal States.- 3.4 Disposal Function.- 3.4.1 Terrestrial Sources of Pollution.- 3.4.2 Dumping of Waste.- 3.4.3 UV-B Radiation and Climate Change.- 3.5 Resource Function.- 3.5.1 Marine Mining.- 3.5.2 Fishing and Whaling.- 3.6 Marine Research.- 3.7 Summary and Outlook.- 3.8 Recommendations for Action and Research.- 4 The Desertification Convention -A First Step Towards the Protection of Soils.- 4.1 The Genesis and Content of the Desertification Convention.- 4.2 Assessment.- 4.3 Recommended Action and Research.- 5 The Biodiversity Convention — The Implementation Is Yet to Come.- 5.1 Current Trends in the Biosphere.- 5.2 Content of the Convention on Biological Diversity.- 5.3 Development and Current Status of the Convention Process.- 5.4 Key Focus: Access to Genetic Resources.- 5.5 Recommendations for Research.- 5.6 Recommendations for Action.- 6 Protection of Forests: Protocol or Convention?.- 6.1 Current Trends.- 6.2 Status of International Discussion.- 6.3 Forest Protocol Within the Convention on Biological Diversity.- 6.4 Convention for the Protection of the Forests.- 6.5 Conclusions and Recommendations for Action.- 7 The GATT/WTO Regime — The Greening of World Trade.- 7.1 Globalization of Economic Activity.- 7.2 The GATT Regime.- 7.2.1 Brief Outline.- 7.2.2 Interest Structures Within GATT.- 7.3 The Marrakech Decisions.- 7.4 Free Trade and the Environment.- 7.4.1 Free Trade Classical Arguments.- 7.4.2 Global Public Goods and Externalities.- 7.4.3 Competition Failure.- 7.4.4 Normative Interventions.- 7.5 Conclusions and Recommendations for Action.- 7.6 Recommendations for Research.- D General Conclusions and Recommendations.- D General Conclusions and Recommendations.- E Annex: Notes on the Inverse Scenario in Section C 1.3.- E Annex: Notes on the Inverse Scenario in Section C 1.3.- 1.1 Tolerable Stress for Nature and Society.- 1.2 Admissible Climate Change.- 1.3 Admissible Increases in C02 Concentration and Corresponding Global Emission Profiles.- 1.4 National Reduction Commitments.- F References.- F References.- G The Council.- G The Council.
