Foreword-1
Foreword-2
Preface
Contents
Summary
Chapter I
Introduction
Summary
1.1. Lebanon in the Regional View
1.2. Historical Overview
1.3. General Water Measurements
1.4. Water Availability
1.5. Water Demand
1.6. Water Supply
1.7. Previous Studies
References
Chapter II
Atmospheric Regime and Terrain CharacteristicsSummary
2.1. Atmospheric Variables
2.1.1. Sources of Climatic Data
2.1.2. Precipitation
2.1.3. Temperature
2.1.4. Evapotranspiration and Relative Humidity
2.1.5. Aridity
2.2. Morphology
2.3. Karst Topography
2.4. Geology
2.4.1. Lithostratigraphy
2.4.2. Structures Geology
2.5. Land cover/Use
References
Chapter III
Rivers
Summary
3.1. Introduction
3.1.1. Rivers Classification
3.1.2. Rivers Description
3.2. Drainage Systems
3.2.1. Watersheds Extraction
3.2.2. Watershed Classification
3.2.3. Geometric Measures
3.2.4. Morphometric Measures
3.3. Quantitative Measures
3.4. Transboundary Rivers
3.4.1. El-Kabir Transboundary River
3.4.2. Al-Assi Transboundary River
3.4.3. Hasbani-Wazzani Transboundary River
References
Chapter IV
Springs
Summary
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Springs Characteristics
4.2.1. Types of Springs
4.2.2. Springs Discharge
4.3. Sub-marine Springs
4.3.1. Concept of Identification
4.3.2. Applied Methodologies
4.3.3. Characteristics of Sub-marine Springs
References
Chapter V
Snow Cover
Summary
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Snow Cover Area
Tools for Analysis
Data Analysis
5.3. Water Volume from Snow
5.4. Physical Characteristics
5.4.1. Snow Density
5.4.2. Snow Hardness
5.4.3. Snow Roughness
5.5. Influencing Factors
5.6. Thickness-Altitude Relationship
5.7. Melting Rate
References
Chapter VI
Lakes and Reservoirs
Summary
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Lakes
6.2.1. Type of Lakes in Lebanon
6.2.2. Challenges on Lakes
6.3. Reservoirs
6.3.1. Dam Reservoirs
6.3.2. Mountain Reservoirs
6.3.3. Debate on Dams Construction
References
Chapter VII
Wetlands
Summary
7.1. Introduction
7.1.1. Concepts
7.1.2. Wetlands in RAMSAR Convention
7.2. Wetlands in Lebanon
7.2.1. Wetlands Description
7.2.2. Wetlands Degradation
7.2.3. Criteria to Characterize Wetlands in Lebanon
References
Chapter VIII
Groundwater
Summary
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Hydrogeological Characteristics
8.2.1. Aquiferous properties
8.2.2. Hydraulic properties
8.3. Estimated Aquifers' Capacity
8.4. Groundwater Recharge
8.4.1. Factors Controlling Recharge Rate
8.4.2. Data Manipulation
8.5. Groundwater and Faults
8.5.1. Elements of Investigation
8.5.2. Data Analysis
8.6. Groundwater Level and Discharge
8.6.1. Groundwater Level
8.6.2. Groundwater Discharge
8.7. Groundwater Wells
8.7.1. Public Wells
8.7.2. Private Wells
8.7.3. Drilling Wells
References
Chapter IX
Challenges on Water Resources
Summary
9.1. Concepts
9.2. Method of Analysis
9.2.1. Data Preparation
9.2.2. Data Analysis
9.3. Natural Challenges
9.3.1. Topography and Geology
9.3.2. Meteorological Conditions
9.3.3. Hydrological Elements
9.3.4. Trans-boundary Water
9.4. Man-mad Challenges
9.4.1. Population Growth
9.4.2. Quality Deterioration
9.4.3. Unwise Use of Water Resources
References
Chapter X
Proposed Solutions
Summary
10.1. Dimensions of Water Crisis
10.1.1. Spatial Dimensions
10.1.2. Temporal Dimensions
10.1.3. Future Expectations
10.2. Proposed Solutions on Surface Water
10.2.1. Mountain Reservoirs
10.2.2. Dam Reservoirs
10.2.3. Water-Convey Canals
10.2.4. Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting
10.2.5. Snowpack Reservation
10.3. Proposed Solutions on Groundwater
10.3.1. Artificial Groundwater Recharge
10.3.2. Capturing Groundwater Discharge into the Sea
10.4. Mitigation of Water Pollution
10.5. Economic Policies
10.6. Ethics and Water
10.6.1. Aspects of Bad Ethics in Water
10.6.2. Changing Ethics in Water
10.7. Lebanon in SDG
References
Glossary
