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elsheikh eman rahamtalla ahmed - water productivity of sunflower under different irrigation regimes at gezira clay soil, sudan

Water Productivity of Sunflower under Different Irrigation Regimes at Gezira Clay Soil, Sudan




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Dettagli

Genere:Libro
Lingua: Inglese
Editore:

CRC Press

Pubblicazione: 02/2016
Edizione: 1° edizione





Note Editore

The Gezira Scheme is Sudan's oldest and largest gravity irrigation system. The scheme has played an important role in the economic development of the country, and is a major source of foreign exchange. The farming system of the Gezira Scheme is dominated by crop production. The main crops grown are sorghum, wheat, groundnut and the oilseed crop sesame. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an important oil crop in the world and a new edible oil crop in Sudan. Knowledge of the effects of irrigation scheduling on sunflower production and water productivity under water stress conditions is becoming increasingly important. Irrigation scheduling is particularly important since many field crops are more sensitive to water deficit at specific phonological stages. Sunflower has several growth stages: emergence, vegetative, reproductive, flowering, seed formation and maturity. Water stress in each stage results in reduction in seed yield and oil content. The treatments in the test plots, which were conducted to study the effect of water stress at different growth stages, showed that sunflower was significantly affected by water stress that occurred in the sensitive flowering and seed formation stages. Highest seed yield was obtained when water stress was avoided during these stages. The AquaCrop model was used to simulate the seed yield and water productivity. The model was able to precisely simulate seed yield, but overestimated water productivity under different irrigation treatments.




Sommario

1 Introduction1.1 Structure of the thesis 2 Background and objectives 2.1 Country characteristics 2.2 Water resources in Sudan 2.3 Crop production in Sudan 2.4 Increase in total crop production 2.5 Land use and land cover 2.6 Problem description 2.7 Hypothesis 2.8 Research questions 2.9 Research objectives 3 Agriculture in Sudan 3.1 Agricultural practices 3.1.1 Rainfed agriculture 3.1.2 Irrigated agriculture 3.1.3 Flood/spate irrigation agriculture 3.2 Water management for agriculture 3.3 Agricultural policies and strategies 3.4 Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) description 3.5 Sunflower growth stages 3.6 Sunflower seed production 4 Irrigation schemes in Sudan 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Surface irrigation 4.2.1 Supplemental irrigation (SI) 4.3 Irrigation scheduling 4.4 Water balance 4.5 Furrow irrigation 4.6 Main irrigation scheme 4.6.1 New Halfa Scheme 4.6.2 Rahad Scheme 4.7 Gezira Irrigation Scheme 4.7.1 Description of the scheme area 4.7.2 General climatic conditions 4.7.3 Design of Gezira Scheme 4.7.4 Gezira clay soil 4.7.5 Water application management in the field 4.7.6 Water users associations in Gezira Scheme 5 Crop coefficient (Kc) for irrigated Winter Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Study area 5.3 Calculation method 5.4 Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) 5.5 Evapotranspiration (ETc) 5.5.1 Soil moisture measurements 5.6 Estimation of the Winter Sunflower crop coefficient (Kc) 5.7 Concluding remarks 6 Deficit irrigation effect on Sunflower production under different environmental conditions 6.1 Concept of deficit irrigation 6.2 Deficit irrigation and Sunflower yield 7 Field experiments and study area 7.1 Description of the study area 7.2 Climate of Gezira area 7.3 Experiment One (winter season 2011, 2012 and 2013) 7.3.1 Experiment description and lay out 7.3.2 Irrigation water measurement 7.4 Experiment Two (summer season 2012 and 2013) 7.5 Experiment Three (winter season 2012/2013 and 2013/2014) 7.6 Crop parameters measurement 8 Results and discussion of the field experiments 8.1 Different irrigation intervals (experiment One) 8.1.1 Seed yield (kg/ha) 8.1.2 Oil content (%) 8.1.3 Application of irrigation water 8.2 Concluding remarks on experiment One 8.3 Experiment Two (summer seasons 2012 and 2013) 8.4 Experiment Three (winter seasons 2012/2013 and 2013/2014) 8.4.1 Seed yield (kg/ha) 8.4.2 Number of seeds per head 8.4.3 Oil and protein content (%)8.4.4 Total applied water (TAW) 8.5 Comparison between summer and winter seasons 8.6 Concluding remarks 9 Water productivity (WP) for Sunflower 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The concept of water productivity 9.2.1 The term water productivity (WP) 9.2.2 Study area and experiment lay out 9.3 Economic water productivity (EWP) US$/m3 9.3.1 Economic water productivity (EWP) for experiment One 9.4 Concluding remarks on experiment One 9.4.1 Water productivity (WP) for experiment Two (summer season) 9.4.2 Water and economic water productivity for experiment Three (winter season) 9.4.3 Economic water productivity (EWP) for experiment Two 9.4.4 Economic evaluation under different irrigation regimes 9.5 Concluding remarks 10 Modelling of Sunflower water productivity under different irrigation intervals by using AquaCrop 10.1 AquaCrop model description 10.2 AquaCrop model input data 10.2.1 Climatic data10.2.2 Crop phenological data 10.2.3 Soil information 10.3 Calibration of the AquaCrop model 10.3.1 Reference evapotranspiration data 10.3.2 Evapotranspiration data for model calibration 10.3.3 Irrigation management data for model calibration 10.4 Validation of the AquaCrop model 10.5 Simulation with the AquaCrop model 10.6 Application of AquaCrop model under different treatments 10.6.1 Model Calibration for the winter season 2011 10.6.2 Validation of the AquaCrop model 10.6.3 Canopy cover development (%) 10.6.4 Model calibration and validation for the summer seasons 2012 and 2013 10.6.5 Results and discussion for the summer seasons 2012 and 2013 10.6.6 Model calibration and validation for the winter seasons 2012 and 2013 10.7 Concluding remarks 11 Evaluation and recommendations 11.1 Assessment of the existing irrigation system 11.2 Assessment of AquaCrop model in simulating yield under Gezira conditions 11.3 Recommendations for improvement 12 References Annexes




Autore

Eman R.A. Elsheikh graduated from Gezira University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences in 2000. She works in the Agricultural Research Corporation, Land and water Research Centre, WadMedani since 2003. She started her master programme in 2005 in the Water Management and Irrigation Institute, University of Gezira, and completed her master study in 2007.She participated in the international short course on Integrated Watershed Management, Bangkok, Thailand in 2008.In January 2010 she worked at the Forestry Research Centre in Khartoum. In 2009 she attended the Watershed and River Basin Management short course at UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education. During this course she met Professor Bart Schultz for her PhD proposal, and got a full scholarship in January 2011 from the Netherlands Fellowship Programme (NFP) for her PhD study at UNESCO-IHE, Department of Water Science and Engineering. Her PhD research is on Water Productivity for Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) under Gezira clay conditions, Sudan. In 2014 she gained another grant for research from the International Foundation for Sciences (IFS). She attended two annual PhD seminars during her PhD study.










Altre Informazioni

ISBN:

9781138029149

Condizione: Nuovo
Collana: IHE Delft PhD Thesis Series
Dimensioni: Ø 0.70 lb
Formato: Brossura
Pagine Arabe: 166


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