CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background
1.2 Problem Statement
1.3 Objectives of the Research
1.4 Scope of Research
1.5 Thesis Outline
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Lubricants
2.1.1 Conventional Engine Lubricants and Related Hazards
2.1.2 Bio-based Lubricants
2.1.3 Vegetable Oils
2.1.4 Selection of Vegetable Oil
2.1.5 Properties of Vegetable Oils
2.1.5.1 Viscosity
2.1.5.2 Low-temperature properties
2.1.5.3 Oxidation stability
2.1.5.4 Tribological behavior
2.1.6 Chemically Functionalized Vegetable Oils
2.1.7 TMP Ester as a Lubricant
2.1.7.1 Viscosity and low temperature fluidity of TMP esters
2.1.7.2 Oxidation stability of TMP esters
2.1.7.3 Lubricity, EP, and AW behavior
2.2 Lubricant Additives
2.2.1 Friction Modifiers and Antiwear Additives
2.2.2 Nanoparticles as Additives
2.2.2.1 Role of dispersion stability
2.2.2.2 Methods of nanoparticles dispersion
2.2.2.3 Dispersion stability analysis for nanolubricants
2.2.2.4 Methods to enhance the dispersion stability of nanolubricants
2.2.2.5 Role of nanoparticles concentration
2.2.2.6 Role of nanoparticle size
2.2.2.7 Role of nanoparticle shape and structure
2.2.2.8 Role of tribo-testing conditions
2.2.2.9 Lubrication mechanisms
2.2.2.10 Investigation of lubrication mechanism
2.3 IC Engine Lubrication
2.3.1 Engine Piston Assembly
2.3.1.1 Piston ring–cylinder lubrication
2.3.1.2 Experimental investigation of piston ring–cylinder lubrication
2.3.2 Lubricant Degradation in Diesel Engine
2.3.2.1 Effect of fuel blends
2.3.2.2 Role of additive technology
2.4 Summary
CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Palm TMP Ester as Bio-based Base Stock
3.1.1 Palm TMP Ester
3.1.1.1 Procedure for Development of Palm TMP Ester
3.1.1.2 Composition and Physicochemical Characteristics
3.2 Development of Bio-based Nanolubricants
3.2.1 Nanoparticles
3.2.2 Ultrasonic Dispersion
3.2.3 Dispersion Stability Analysis
3.2.4 Nano-lubricants
3.3 Engine Testing and Lubricating Oil Degradation
3.3.1 Engine Test Setup
3.3.2 Fuels for Engine Testing
3.3.3 Engine Oil Filter Conditioning
3.3.3.1 Development of Strong Base Filter
3.3.4 Engine-aged Lubricants
3.3.5 Lubricant Analysis
3.3.5.1 Viscosity
3.3.5.2 Total Acid Number (TAN)
3.3.5.3 Total Base Number (TBN)
3.3.5.4 Infrared Spectroscopy
3.4 Tribometer Investigation
3.4.1 Test Specimen Preparation
3.4.2 High Stroke Reciprocating Tribo-testing
3.4.3 Four-Ball Extreme Pressure (EP) Tribo-Testing
3.5 Surface Analysis
3.5.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3.5.2 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX)
3.5.3 Raman Spectroscopy
3.5.4 Surface Profilometry
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Tribological Behavior of Palm TMP Ester
4.1.1 Friction Results
4.1.2 Wear Results
4.1.3 Surface Analysis
4.1.3.1 SEM Analysis
4.1.3.2 Surface Profilometry
4.2 Tribological Analysis of Nanoparticles Enriched Palm TMP Ester
4.2.1 Dispersion Stability of Nanolubricants
4.2.1.1 Dispersion Analysis of nanoCuO Enriched Lubricants
4.2.1.2 Dispersion Analysis of nanoMoS2 Enriched Lubricants
4.2.1.3 Dispersion Analysis of nanoTiO2/SiO2 Enriched Lubricants
4.2.2 Friction Results for Nanolubricants
4.2.2.1 Friction Behavior of nanoCuO Enriched Lubricants
4.2.2.2 Friction Behavior of nanoMoS2 Enriched Lubricants
4.2.2.3 Friction Behavior of nanoTiO2/SiO2 Enriched Lubricants
4.2.3 Wear Results for Nanolubricants
4.2.3.1 Wear Loss for nanoCuO Enriched Lubricants
4.2.3.2 Wear Loss for nanoMoS2 Enriched Lubricants
4.2.3.3 Wear Loss for nanoTiO2/SiO2 Enriched Lubricants
4.2.4 Surface Analysis
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Tribological Behavior of Palm TMP Ester
4.1.1 Friction Results
4.1.2 Wear Results
4.1.3 Surface Analysis
4.1.3.1 SEM Analysis
4.1.3.2 Surface Profilometry
4.2 Tribological Analysis of Nanoparticles Enriched Palm TMP Ester
4.2.1 Dispersion Stability of Nanolubricants
4.2.1.1 Dispersion Analysis of nanoCuO Enriched Lubricants
4.2.1.2 Dispersion Analysis of nanoMoS2 Enriched Lubricants
4.2.1.3 Dispersion Analysis of nanoTiO2/SiO2 Enriched Lubricants
4.2.2 Friction Results for Nanolubricants
4.2.2.1 Friction Behavior of nanoCuO Enriched Lubricants
4.2.2.2 Friction Behavior of nanoMoS2 Enriched Lubricants
4.2.2.3 Friction Behavior of nanoTiO2/SiO2 Enriched Lubricants
4.2.3 Wear Results for Nanolubricants
4.2.3.1 Wear Loss for nanoCuO Enriched Lubricants
4.2.3.2 Wear Loss for nanoMoS2 Enriched Lubricants
4.2.3.3 Wear Loss for nanoTiO2/SiO2 Enriched Lubricants
4.2.4 Surface Analysis
4.4.3 Surfaces Analysis of Worn Surfaces
4.4.3.1 SEM Analysis
4.4.3.2 EDX Analysis
4.4.3.3 Raman Spectroscopy
4.4.3.4 Surface Profilometry
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusions
5.2 Recommendations for Future Work
References
List of Publications and Papers Presented
