Transport Planning and Traffic Safety Making Cities, Roads, and Vehicles Safer

In recognition of the importance of road safety as a major health issue, the World Health Organization has declared 2011-2021 the Decade of Safety Action. Several countries in Europe, North America, and Asia have been successful in reducing fatalities and injuries due to road traffic crashes. However, many low-income countries continue to experience high rates of traffic fatalities and injuries. Transport Planning and Traffic Safety: Making Cities, Roads, and Vehicles Safer offers a source book for road safety training courses as well as an introductory textbook for graduate-level courses on road safety taught in engineering institutes. It brings together the international experiences and lessons learned from countries which have been successful in reducing traffic crashes and their applicability in low-income countries. The content is based on lectures delivered during an international course on transportation planning and traffic safety, sponsored annually by the Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Programme (TRIPP) at the Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. The book is interdisciplinary and aimed at professionals—traffic and road engineers, vehicle designers, law enforcers, and transport planners. The authors examine trends in performance of OECD countries and highlight the public health and systems approach of traffic safety with the vulnerable road user in focus. Topics include land use (transportation planning, mobility, and safety), safety education and legislation, accident analysis, road safety research, human tolerance to injury, vehicle design, safety in construction zones, safety in urban areas, traffic calming, public transportation, safety laws and policies, and pre-hospital care of the injured.

Understanding the Road Safety Performance of OECD CountriesOVERVIEWECONOMIC DETERMINISM: ROAD SAFETY PERFORMANCE AS A DEVELOPMENTAL OUTCOMERISK SUBSTITUTION: CAR OCCUPANTS ARE AT MUCH LOWER RISK THAN PEDESTRIANSPOLITICAL ACTION: THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS AND INTERVENTIONSCONCLUSION: WHAT DOES THIS ALL MEAN FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?Road Traffic Injury as a Public Health ProblemINTRODUCTIONTRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS AND HUMAN ERRORROAD TRAFFIC INJURY AS A DISEASEDEVELOPING INJURY CONTROL MEASURESSUMMARYPublic Health Burden of Road Traffic InjuriesHEALTH IMPACTS OF ROAD TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMSMAGNITUDE OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH BURDEN OF ROAD TRAFFICMEASURING THE LOCAL BURDEN OF INJURIESLand Use—Transportation Planning, Mobility, and SafetyINTRODUCTIONROAD TRAFFIC CRASHES AND LAND USE PLANNINGCONFLICTS AND TRADE-OFFS IN TRANSPORTATION PLANNINGTRANSPORT—LAND USE PATTERNS IN LOW-INCOME COUNTRIESIMPACT OF TRIP LENGTH AND MODE OF TRAVEL ON FATALITY RISKMOBILITY AND SAFETY CONFLICTSafety Promotion: Education and LegislationINTRODUCTIONINFLUENCE OF SYSTEMS AND THE ENVIRONMENT ON ERRORLIMITATIONS OF ROAD USERSEFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIONCONCLUSIONSRecording of Traffic CrashesINTRODUCTIONTRAFFIC CRASH DATACONCLUSIONSTraffic Conflict Techniques: Some Data to Supplement Accident AnalysisINTRODUCTIONSWEDISH TRAFFIC CONFLICTS TECHNIQUEStatistical Considerations in Road Safety ResearchINTRODUCTIONSAMPLING WHAT WE STUDYNON-CONSTANT EXPOSURECOUNTING RARE EVENTSMULTIPLE FACTORS OPERATING IN DIFFERENT PHASESINTERVENTION APPROACHES—TACKLE THE WORST CASESINTERVENTION APPROACHES—DESIGN OPTIONSUNDERSTANDING RELATIONSHIPS—STATISTICAL ANALYSISSTATISTICAL TESTING AND THE ROLE OF CHANCECONCLUDING REMARKSSpeed and Its Effects on Road Traffic CrashesINTRODUCTIONTHE EVIDENCESPEED LIMITSROAD STRUCTURE AND SPEEDCONCLUSIONSHuman Tolerance to Injury: Role of Biomechanics and ErgonomicsINTRODUCTIONMETHODS OF BIOMECHANICS RESEARCHBIOMECHANICS AND MOTOR VEHICLE OCCUPANT INJURIESERGONOMICSCONCLUSIONSafer Vehicle DesignINTRODUCTIONADVANCED METHODOLOGIESCONCLUSIONSRisk Evaluation and Road SafetyINTRODUCTIONRISK INDICATORS IN PUBLIC HEALTHRISK INDICATORS IN ROAD TRANSPORTMODELS OF ACCIDENT FREQUENCY AND SEVERITYCONCLUSIONInvestigating Driving Failures and Their Factors by In-Depth Accident StudiesINTRODUCTIONIN-DEPTH ACCIDENT STUDIES AS COMPLEMENTARY TOOLS FOR ROAD SAFETYIN-DEPTH STUDY OF POWERED TWO-WHEELER MECHANISMSCONCLUSIONHuman Body ModelsINTRODUCTIONMODELING AND METHODSOVERVIEW OF WHOLE BODY MODELSDISCUSSIONHighway Safety in IndiaINTRODUCTIONTRAFFIC CRASHES ON INDIAN HIGHWAYSTRAFFIC ON NATIONAL HIGHWAYS AND STATE HIGHWAYSSAFETY ON NATIONAL HIGHWAYSLITERATURE REVIEWCONCLUSIONSHighway Construction Zone Safety AuditINTRODUCTIONCHALLENGES IN MAINTAINING HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION ZONE SAFETYTHE RISKS TO ROAD SAFETY AT CONSTRUCTION ZONESNEED FOR SAFETY AUDITTASKS INVOLVED IN SAFETY AUDITAUDIT STEPSILLUSTRATION OF AUDIT FOR THE LMNHPCONCLUSIONRoad Safety in Urban AreasINTRODUCTIONTHE TRADITIONAL "PROFESSIONAL VIEW" OF TRAFFIC SAFETY IN URBAN AREASA SYSTEMIC APPROACH: RISK AND ACCIDENTSTHE URBAN AREA—A PRODUCT OF THE HUMAN BRAINTHE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SAFE AND UNSAFE ROADS IN URBAN AREASUrban Safety and MobilityINTRODUCTIONURBAN STREETSDESIGNING SAFE URBAN STREETSINTERSECTIONSURBAN ROAD SAFETY AUDITCONCLUSIONUrban Safety and Traffic CalmingINTRODUCTIONTRAFFIC CALMINGGENERAL CONCLUSIONSPublic Transport and SafetyINTRODUCTIONPUBLIC TRANSPORT AND SAFETY QUALITY OF PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE ENVIRONMENTPUBLIC TRANSPORT AND TRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN CITIESQUALITY OF PEDESTRIAN AND BICYCLE ENVIRONMENTPUBLIC TRANSPORT, MOTORISED TWO-WHEELER, AND POLLUTION TAXDEVELOPMENT OF A BUS COMMUTER SAFETY POLICYCONCLUSIONSRoad Safety Management from the National to the Local LevelINTRODUCTION: THE NEED FOR ROAD SAFETY MANAGEMENTROAD SAFETY POLICY-MAKINGA REPRESENTATION OF ROAD SAFETY MANAGEMENTTHE ACTORS (OR STAKEHOLDERS) INVOLVEDDEVELOPING THE ROAD SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMCAPACITY BUILDINGCONCLUSIONRoad Safety Law and PolicyINTRODUCTION: ROAD SAFETY IN INDIA—THE PROBLEM AND ITS CONTEXTLEGISLATIVE AND POLICY (NON) RESPONSETRAFFIC SAFETY POLICIES AND ENABLING LEGISLATIONROAD SAFETY AND THE COURTSCONCLUSIONPre-Hospital Care of the InjuredINTRODUCTIONATLS vs. BLS

Geetam Tiwari is coordinator of the Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Programme (TRIPP) at IIT Delhi and MoUD chair professor for transport planning at the Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Delhi. She earned a Bachelor of Architecture from the University of Roorkee, India, Master of Urban Planning and Policy and a Ph.D. in transport planning and policy from the University of Illinois, Chicago. She has been working in the area of traffic and transport planning, focusing on pedestrians, bicycles, and bus systems. She is editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion. Dinesh Mohan is Volvo chair professor emeritus at the Transportation Research and Injury Prevention Programme, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. He earned his Ph.D. degree in biomechanics from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. His research includes vibrations of anisotropic plates; mechanical properties of human aortic tissue; head, chest, and femur injury tolerance; injuries in human free falls; effectiveness of helmets; and the first evaluation of airbags in real-world crashes. He continues to work on epidemiology of road traffic crashes and injuries in rural India, pedestrians, bicycle and motorcycle crash modeling, and health effects of road transport.