Technology Innovation in Underground Construction

This richly-illustrated reference guide presents innovative techniques focused on reducing time, cost and risk in the construction and maintenance of underground facilities: A primary focusof the technological development in underground engineering is to ease the practical execution and to reduce time, cost and risk in the construction and maintenance of underground facilities such as tunnels and caverns. This can be realized by new design tools for designers, by instant data access for engineers, by virtual prototyping and training for manufacturers, and by robotic devices for maintenance and repair for operators and many more advances. This volume presents the latest technological innovations in underground design, construction, and operation, and comprehensively discusses developments in ground improvement, simulation, process integration, safety, monitoring, environmental impact, equipment, boring and cutting, personnel training, materials, robotics and more. Thesenew features are the result of a big research project on underground engineering, which has involved many players in the discipline. Written in an accessible style and with a focus on applied engineering, this book is aimed at a readership of engineers, consultants, contractors, operators, researchers, manufacturers, suppliers and clients in the underground engineering business. It may moreover be used as educational material for advanced courses in tunnelling and underground construction.

1. Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Problems 1.3 Vision 1.3.1 Design 1.3.2 Processes 1.3.3 Equipment and materials 1.3.4 Maintenance an repair 1.4 Contents of the book 2. UCIS – Underground construction information system 2.1 Introduction 2.2 UCIS – Underground construction information system 2.2.1 Objectives 2.2.2 Architecture 2.2.3 Design and development 2.2.4 Data model 2.2.5 3D ground model 2.3 Introduction 2.4 Contribution to the overall project 2.5 Workflow 2.6 Geometrical data: software implementation 2.7 Geological & geomechanical attributes: classification 2.8 Geological & geotechnical database 2.9 Data link geometrical data – geological/ geotechnical objects 2.10 Subsurface models 2.10.1 UCIS – Applications 2.11 KRONOS – tunnel information system 2.12 KRONOS-WEB – monitoring data reporting and alarming system 2.13 Decision support system for cyclic tunnelling 2.14 Web-based information system on underground construction projects 2.15 Virtual reality visualisation system 2.16 Summary 3. Computer-support for the design of underground structures 3.1 Introduction 3.2 State-of-the-art in tunnel design 3.3 The applied design concept 3.3.1 Design method 3.3.2 Analysis of the possible degree of automation 3.3.3 Automation concept 3.4 Rule base for tunnel pre-design 3.4.1 Determination of the ground behaviour 3.4.2 Determination of suitable excavation methods and support measures 3.5 Key input parameters 3.6 Support classes 3.7 Energy classes 3.8 Excavation methods 3.9 Refinement for shield tunneling 3.9.1 General workflow embedded in the rule base 3.9.2 Determination of time and costs 3.10 Integrated optimization platform for underground construction 3.10.1 Realization/implementation 3.11 Graphical user interface 3.12 3D-Ground model 3.13 Rule base 3.14 Numerical simulation software 3.14.1 Background information and software technology 3.15 Summary 4. A virtual reality visualisation system for underground construction 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Virtual reality 4.1.2 Augmented reality 4.1.3 Mixed reality 4.1.4 Capacity of today’s VR-, AR- and MR-systems 4.2 A Virtual reality visualisation system for underground construction 4.2.1 Objective 4.2.2 Input data 4.2.3 VR software 4.2.4 VR hardware 4.2.5 Application example 4.3 Summary 4.4 Outlook, augmented reality in tunnelling 5. From laboratory, geological and TBM data to input parameters for simulation models 5.1 Introduction 5.2 A hierarchical, relational and web-driven Rock Mechanics Database 5.2.1 Introduction 5.2.2 Test data reduction methodology 5.2.3 A failure criterion for rocks 5.2.4 Example calibration of lab test rock parameters to model parameters of the HMC constitutive model (Level-B of analysis) 5.2.5 Structure of the rock mechanics database 5.3 Geometrical and geostatistical discretization of geological solids 5.3.1 Introduction 5.3.2 Solid modeling 5.3.3 Geostatistical modeling 5.4 A special upscaling theory of rock mass parameters 5.4.1 Introduction 5.4.2 A special upscaling theory for rock masses 5.4.3 Illustrative upscaling example 5.5 Back-analysis of tbm logged data 5.5.1 Introduction 5.5.2 Basic relationships 5.5.3 An example of backward analysis 5.6 Conclusions 6. Process-oriented numerical simulation of mechanised tunnelling 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Requirements for computational models for mechanised tunnel construction 6.1.2 Novel computational framework for process-oriented simulations in mechanised tunnelling as part of an integrated decision support system 6.2 Three-phase model for partially saturated soil 6.2.1 Theory of porous media 6.2.2 Governing balance equations 6.2.3 Constitutive relations for hydraulic behaviour 6.2.4 Stress-strain behaviour of soil skeleton 6.3 Finite element formulation of the multiphase model for soft soils 6.3.1 Spatial and temporal discretization 6.3.2 Object-oriented implementation 6.4 Selection of soil models and parameters 6.4.1 Saturated soil model 6.4.2 Unsaturated soil model 6.4.3 Cemented soil model 6.4.4 Double hardening soil model 6.5 Verification of the three-phase model for soft soils 6.5.1 Consolidation test 6.5.2 Drying test 6.6 Components of the finite element model for mechanised tunnelling 6.6.1 Heading face support 6.6.2 Frictional contact between TBM and soil 6.6.3 Tail void grouting 6.6.4 Shield machine, hydraulic jacks, lining and backup trailer 6.7 Model generation and simulation procedure 6.7.1 Automatic model generation 6.7.2 Mesh adaption for TBM advance and steering of shield machine 6.7.3 Interface to IOPT 6.7.4 Parallelisation concept 6.8 Sensitivity analysis and parameter identification 6.8.1 Numerical approximation of sensitivity terms 6.8.2 Analytical sensitivities derived by the direct differentiation method 6.8.3 Adjoint method for deriving analytical sensitivities 6.8.4 Implementation of analytical sensitivity methods 6.8.5 Optimisation of process parameters 6.8.6 Inverse analyses for estimation of unknown parameters 6.8.7 Current state and outlook for further developments in sensitivity analyses 6.9 Selected applications of the simulation model for mechanised tunnelling 6.9.1 Numerical simulation of compressed air support 6.9.2 Numerical simulation of changing pressure conditions at the heading face 6.9.3 Numerical simulation of the Mas Blau section of L9 of Metro Barcelona 6.10 Conclusions 7. Computer simulation of conventional construction 7.1 Introduction 7.2 A new simulation paradigm 7.3 Preprocessor 7.4 The boundary element method 7.4.1 Sequential excavation 7.5 Example – sequential tunnel excavation 7.5.1 Non-linear material behavior 7.6 Non-linear BEM 7.7 The non-linear solution algorithm 7.8 Hierarchical constitutive model 7.9 Example 7.9.1 Heterogeneous ground and ground improvement methods 7.10 Introduction 7.11 Consideration of geological conditions 7.12 Pipe roofs 7.13 Examples 7.13.1 Rock bolts 7.14 Introduction 7.15 Fully grouted rock bolts 7.16 Discrete anchored bolts 7.17 Examples 7.17.1 Shotcrete and steel arches 7.18 Introduction 7.19 Shotcrete as an assembly of shell finite elements 7.20 Steel arches as an assembly of beam finite elements 7.21 Optimization of code and adaptation to special hardware 7.21.1 Computational complexity 7.21.2 Iterative solvers 7.21.3 Fast methods 7.21.4 Modern hardware – parallelization 7.22 Practical application 7.22.1 The koralm tunnel 8. Optical fiber sensing cable for underground settlement monitoring during tunneling 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Tunnel construction with tunnel boring machines 8.1.2 Risk associated to tunneling in urban areas 8.1.3 State of the art 8.1.4 Research frame 8.1.5 Settlement to be measured 8.1.6 Developed solutions 8.2 Sensors based on deformation of optical fibres 8.2.1 General principles 8.2.2 Brillouin technology 8.2.3 Fiber embedded at the periphery of a cable or a tube 8.2.4 Cable environment 8.2.5 Development of an industrial process 8.3 Sensing element 8.4 15 mm diameter cable 8.5 150 mm diameter cable 8.6 Sensors based on slope measurement 8.7 Sensor validation 8.7.1 Geometric validation in open air 8.8 Bench test 8.9 Optical fiber validation 8.10 TBMSET validation 8.10.1 Geometric validation in buried material – cairo tests 8.11 Presentation of cairo project 8.12 Test area 8.13 Settlement gauges network 8.14 Installation of the test area 8.15 On site data acquisition from sensing elements 8.16 Job site data 8.17 Settlement gauges 8.18 Validation of pipe behavior inside the ground 8.19 Impact of grout injection on the settlement 8.20 Optical fiber results 8.21 TBMSET results 8.22 Conclusion 9. Tunnel seismic exploration and its validation based on data from TBM control and observed geology 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Seismic exploration during tunneling 9.2.1 Challenges 9.2.2 Finite-difference simulations of seismic data 9.3 Description of the discrete model 9.4 Modeling results 9.4.1 Short outline of seismic data processing 9.5 Pre-processing 9.6 Migration and velocity analysis 9.7 Use of TBM data and geology for seismic data validat

Short professional biographies of all contributors are included in the back of the volume. The editor, Gernot Beer (Graz University of Technology, Austria), is currently the head of the Institute for Structural Analysis at the University Technology, Graz Austria. His main expertise is numerical simulation and he heads a group of researchers that is developing the next generation software for the simulation of underground excavations. He has conducted research and has consulted on this topic for three decades and authored and co-authored four textbooks on this subject. Prior to coordinating the project TUNCONSTRUCT he was the coordinator of a national research initiative Simulation in Tunneling (SiTu) and of another European project (Virtual fire emergency simulation, VITRUALFIRES). The project SiTu resulted in a book “Numerical Simulation in Tunneling” published by Springer for which he was the editor. As part of his consulting activities he served, together with Prof. E.T. Brown, on a panel of experts for the investigation of the Masjed-e-Soleiman underground Hydroelectric Power Plant in Iran.