Sensory Evaluation of Food Principles and Practices

The ?eld of sensory science has grown exponentially since the publication of the p- vious version of this work. Fifteen years ago the journal Food Quality and Preference was fairly new. Now it holds an eminent position as a venue for research on sensory test methods (among many other topics). Hundreds of articles relevant to sensory testing have appeared in that and in other journals such as the Journal of Sensory Studies. Knowledge of the intricate cellular processes in chemoreception, as well as their genetic basis, has undergone nothing less than a revolution, culminating in the award of the Nobel Prize to Buck and Axel in 2004 for their discovery of the olfactory receptor gene super family. Advances in statistical methodology have accelerated as well. Sensometrics meetings are now vigorous and well-attended annual events. Ideas like Thurstonian modeling were not widely embraced 15 years ago, but now seem to be part of the everyday thought process of many sensory scientists. And yet, some things stay the same. Sensory testing will always involve human participants. Humans are tough measuring instruments to work with. They come with varying degrees of acumen, training, experiences, differing genetic equipment, sensory capabilities, and of course, different preferences. Human foibles and their associated error variance will continue to place a limitation on sensory tests and actionable results. Reducing, controlling, partitioning, and explaining error variance are all at the heart of good test methods and practices.

Preface I Appendix I - Basic Statistical Concepts for Sensory Evaluation II Appendix A II- Nonparametric and Binomial-based Statistical Methods III Statistical Appendix III- Analysis of Variance IV Appendix IV- Correlation, Regression and Measures of association V Appendix V - Statistical Power and Test Sensitivity 1 Chapter 1 2 Physiological and Psychological Foundations of Sensory Function 3 Principles of Good Practice 4 Discrimination Testing 5 Similarity, Equivalence Testing and Discrimination Theory 6 Measurement of Sensory Thresholds 7 Scaling 8 Time-intensity Methods 9 Context Effects and Biases in Sensory Judgment 10 Descriptive Judgment 11 Texture Evalution 12 Color and Appearance 13 Preference Testing 14 Acceptance Testing 15 Consumer Field Tests and Questionnaire Design 16 Qualitative Consumer Research Methods 17 Quality Control and Shelf-life (Stability) Testing 18 Data relationships and multivariate applications 19 Strategic Research Tables A-Q

Harry T. Lawless is Professor of Food Science at Cornell University where he teaches sensory evaluation. He has 35 years of experience in chemosensory research and psychophysics. He spent five years in consumer testing in industry, and serves as a consultant to various food and consumer products companies on sensory test methods. Hildegarde Heymann is Professor of Viticulture and Enology at the University of California at Davis where she teaches sensory evaluation of wine and sensometrics. She spent nearly 17 years at the University of Missouri as a professor of sensory science.