Re-imagining Hate Crime Transphobia, Visibility and Victimisation

This book draws upon empirical data to offer a fresh and unique perspective on hate crime victimisation, using transphobic hate crime as a case study. It adopts the lens of ‘visibility’ as a way of understanding hate crime victimisation and to challenge dominant theoretical and conceptual perspectives of hate crime. In adopting this lens, key aspects of victimisation are explored, including the hierarchical nature of hate crime victimisation that afford visibility to particular types of victimisation and to particular groups of people to make them ‘legitimate’ victims. In challenging these notions, this book highlights the pervasive, everyday nature of much hate crime and introduces the concept of ‘micro-crimes’ as a way to conceptualise the nature of victimisation that is often overshadowed by discussions around ‘microaggressions’ and more socially recognisable forms of ‘hate crime’. Key ideas relating to space, place and identity performance are drawn upon throughout these analyses and discussions to provide a nuanced overview and conceptualisation of hate crime victimisation.

1.1 The Normalcy of Hate

1.2 Cisgender Researcher, Transphobic Hate Crime?

1.3 Structure of Book

2. Chapter 2 – Defining, Framing and Conceptualising Transphobic Hate Crime

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Complex Language, Definitional Issues

2.3 Responding to Hate Crime

2.4 Understanding Transphobic Hate Crime

2.5 Conclusion

3. Chapter 3 – Conceptualising ‘Micro-Crimes’

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Hate Crime, Victimisation and the ‘Everyday’ 

3.3 Normalisation of Online Micro-Crime Victimisation

3.4 Conceptualising Micro-Crimes

3.5 Conclusion

4.    Chapter 4 – Deconstructing Hierarchies of Hate

        4.1 Introduction

        4.2 Social Hierarchy of Protected Characteristics

        4.3 Social Hierarchy of Offence Types

        4.4 Hierarchical Nature of the Victim-Perpetrator Relationship

        4.5 Impact of Micro-Crime Victimisation and Hierarchies of Hate

        4.6 Conclusion

5.     Chapter 5 – Space, Place and Exclusion

        5.1 Introduction

        5.2 Sex-Segregated Spaces

        5.3 Men, Masculinity and Romance 

        5.4 Trans Exclusion, ‘Gay Culture’, and Masculinity

        5.5 “Not Trans Enough” – Inclusion and Exclusion from ‘Inclusive’ Spaces

        5.6 Conclusion

6.     Chapter 6 – The Role of (In)Visibility in Hate Crime Victimisation

        6.1 Introduction 

        6.2 Existing Conceptualisations of (In)Visibility 

        6.3 (In)Visibility and Hate Crime Victimisation

        6.4 (In)Visibility, Intersectionality and Victimisation

        6.5 Discursively Constructed Visibility 

        6.6 The Role of (In)Visibility in Online Victimisation

        6.7 Conceptualising (In)Visibility

        6.8 Conclusion

7.     Chapter 7 – Concluding Thoughts

        7.2 Policy and Practice Implications 

        7.3 Considerations for Future Research

        7.4 Concluding Thoughts