Preaching the Crusades to the Eastern Mediterranean Propaganda, Liturgy and Diplomacy, 1305–1352

Preaching was an integral part of the crusade movement. This book focuses on the efforts of the first four Avignon popes to organize crusade preaching campaigns to the Eastern Mediterranean and on the role of the secular and regular clergy in their implementation. Historians have treated the fall of Acre in 1291 as an arbitrary boundary in crusader studies for far too long. The period 1305–1352 was particularly significant for crusade preaching, yet it has not been studied in detail. This volume thus constitutes an important addition to the flourishing field of late medieval crusade historiography. The core of the book deals with two interlocking themes: the liturgy for the Holy Land and the popular response to crusade preaching between the papacies of Clement V and Clement VI. The book analyses the evolving use of the liturgy for the crusade in combination with preaching and it illustrates the catalytic role of these measures in driving popular pro-crusade sentiments. A key theme in the account is the analysis of the surviving crusade sermons of the Parisian theologians from the era. Critical editions of these previously neglected propagandistic texts are a valuable addition to our corpus of papal correspondence relating to the crusades in the later Middle Ages. This book will be of interest both to specialized historians and to students of late medieval crusading.

Introduction Chapter 1: Clement V’s and John XXII’s organisation of preaching campaigns and the clergy’s role in their implementation . Ad recuperandum imperium Constantinopolitanum proficisci: French plans for the recapture of Constantinople – the promotion of Charles of Valois’s crusade . Verbum vivifice crucis publicare: Organising the preaching campaign for the Hospitallers’ passagium to Rhodes . Crux per prelatos et alios viros ydoneos per totam christianitatem predicaretur: The Council of Vienne and the epilogue to Clement V’s crusading organisation . Statum miserabilem Terre Sancte considerans: Papal endeavours to reinvigorate the crusading zeal for the Holy Land: 1316-1322 . Cruxque universaliter predicaretur tam in suis quam aliis regnis et terris: The crusade preaching campaigns in the context of Franco-papal crusade negotiations, 1322-1328 . Committimus predicande concedendeque crucis officium: Between Avignon and Paris, crusade planning and propaganda during 1331-1334 Chapter 2: Organising and implementing preaching campaigns under Benedict XII and Clement VI . Contra Agarenos verbum crucis predicari: The continuation of the 1334 naval league and the promotion of Philip VI’s crusade: from initial support to final abandonment . Ad succurendum Christianis in Romanie partibus: Pope Clement VI, the preaching for the anti-Turkish league and the capture of Smyrna, 1342-1344 . Filium Imbertum Dalphinum Viennensem, ducem et capitaneum exercitus contra Turcos deputandum: Dauphin Humbert II of Viennois’ leadership of the Christian armada against the Turks, 1345 . Pro efficatiori succursu Christianorum verbum crucis vivifice mandavimus predicari: The preaching of the second phase of the Smyrna Crusade Chapter 3: Preaching the Crusades: Propaganda, liturgy and popular reaction in the Early Fourteenth Century Section One: Crusade propaganda and liturgy . Preaching testimonies in the chronicles of the early fourteenth century. The liturgy for the liberation of the Holy Land as a component of crusade propaganda . Further elaboration of the liturgical apparatus for the crusade: The Franco-papal crusade negotiations, 1322-1328 . New supplements of liturgy performance, 1331-1352 Section Two: Popular responses to preaching . The Peoples’ Crusade in 1309 . The Pastoureaux, 1320 . Popular reaction to the preaching of the second phase of the Smyrna Crusade, 1345 Chapter 4: University trained clergy and the preaching of the crusade, 1305-1333 . Crux penitentie predicatur et imponitur volentibus transfretare de Egypto in Jerusalem: The crusade sermons for the Fourth Sunday in Lent . Stimulating Philip VI to assume the cross: Pierre de la Palud’s sermon on the feast of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross, 1331 . Crusade propaganda and diplomacy in the framework of the Franco-papal crusade negotiations, 1332-1333: The sermons of Pierre Roger, archbishop of Rouen . The crusade sermons in the first half of the fourteenth century: An overview Conclusion Appendix I Appendix II Appendix III Appendix IV Appendix V Bibliography

Constantinos Georgiou earned his PhD from the University of Cyprus (2015). He is currently an A. G. Leventis Postdoctoral Fellow in the Department of History and Archaeology of the same university.