1 General and Introduction.- 1.1 Functions and Requirements.- 1.2 Basic Types of Power Converter.- 1.3 Elements of a Power Converter.- 1.4 Energy Storage.- 1.5 Primary Power Sources.- 1.6 Power Supply Systems.- 1.6.1 Mains Supply and Standby Power Supply Systems.- 1.6.2 Mains Distribution Switchboards or Mains Switch Panels.- 1.6.3 Central Power Supply.- 1.6.4 Decentralized Power Supply.- 1.7 UPS Systems.- 1.8 Mains-independent Hybrid Power Supply Systems.- 1.9 Historical Review.- 2 Requirements of Telecommunications Systems on the Power Supply.- 2.1 D.C. Power Supplies.- 2.1.1 Level of the Direct Voltages.- 2.1.2 Tolerance for Direct Voltages.- 2.1.3 Purity of Direct Voltages.- 2.1.4 Filter Sections.- 2.1.5 Degree of Radio Interference and Limit Classes.- 2.1.6 Power Distribution System and Voltage Drops.- 2.1.7 Availability of the Power Supply.- 2.2 A.C. Power Supplies.- 3 Operating Modes of a Direct Current Power Supply System.- 3.1 Rectifier Mode.- 3.2 Battery (Charge-Discharge) Mode.- 3.3 Standby Parallel Mode.- 3.3.1 Standby Parallel Mode with Reducing Diodes (Counter electromotive Cells).- 3.3.2 Standby Parallel Mode with d.c./d.c. Converter.- 3.3.3 Standby Parallel Mode with Compensators for Additional and Counter Voltage.- 3.4 Changeover Mode.- 3.4.1 Changeover Mode with Battery Tap.- 3.4.2 Changeover Mode with Thyristor Contactor.- 3.5 Combined Standby Parallel and Changeover Mode with Compensator for Additional Voltage.- 3.6 Assignment of Operating Modes to Communications Systems.- 3.7 Further Modes.- 3.7.1 Changeover Mode with Voltage Gates.- 3.7.2 Parallel Mode with ‘Floating’ Charge Method.- 3.7.3 Parallel Mode with Reduced Number of Battery Cells and Compensator.- 3.7.4 Parallel Mode with End Cells.- 4 Operating Modes of an Alternating Current Power 1 s).- 4.2.2 Standby Power Supply Systems.- 4.2.3 A.C. Changeover Mode with Interruption (< 1 s).- 4.3 Uninterruptible a.c. Changeover Mode.- 4.3.1 Immediate Standby System.- 4.3.2 Uninterruptible Standby Power Supply System with Rotating Converter.- 4.3.3 Static Standby Power Supply Systems with Inverters Connected to Fail-safe d.c. Power Supplies and with Revert-to-mains Unit.- 4.3.4 Static Standby Power Supply Systems with Inverters Connected to Fail-safe d.c. Power Supplies and without Revert-to-mains Unit.- 4.3.5 Static Uninterruptible Standby Power Supply Systems.- 5 Public Mains.- 5.1 Type of Voltage.- 5.2 Tolerances of the a.c. Supply Voltage and Supply Frequency.- 5.3 Wave Shape and Distortion Factor of the a.c. Supply Voltage.- 5.3.1 Measures for Reducing Retroactive Effects on the Mains Supply.- 5.4 Power Failures.- 6 Energy Storage.- 6.1 Stationary Lead-Acid Batteries.- 6.1.1 Requirements.- 6.1.2 Charging and Discharging.- 6.1.3 Open-Circuit Voltage.- 6.1.4 Rated Voltage.- 6.1.5 Discharging Voltage.- 6.1.6 Self-Discharging.- 6.1.7 Float (Trickle) Charging and Charging Voltage.- 6.1.8 Initial Charging Voltage (Commissioning).- 6.1.9 Capacity.- 6.1.10 Efficiency and Charging Factor.- 6.1.11 DIN Designation of Battery Type.- 6.1.12 Battery Design.- 6.1.13 Batteries with Tubular Positives.- 6.1.14 Batteries with Planté Plates (GroE).- 6.1.15 Comparison of Lead-Acid Batteries.- 6.1.16 Vent Plugs.- 6.1.17 Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries.- 6.2 Stationary Alkaline Batteries.- 6.2.1 Nickel-Cadmium Batteries in Telecommunications.- 6.3 Lithium Primary Batteries.- 6.4 Design Pointers.- 6.4.1 Standby Time (Backup Time).- 6.4.2 Number of Cells.- 6.4.3 Capacity.- 6.5 Maintenance.- 6.5.1 Surveillance of Vented Batteries.- 6.5.2 Surveillance of Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid Batteries.- 6.5.3 Battery Monitoring.- 6.5.4 A Statement of the Principle of Battery Service.- 6.5.5 Battery Inspections.- 6.5.6 Capacity Checks.- 6.6 Installation of Batteries.- 7 Basic Circuits and Process Control.- 7.1 Rectifier Circuits.- 7.1.1 Half-wave Rectifier.- 7.1.2 Centre-tap Circuit.- 7.1.3 Bridge Circuit.- 7.1.4 Three-phase Bridge Circuit.- 7.2 Stabilizing and Control Procedures.- 7.2.1 Pulse-Sequence Control.- 7.2.2 Pulse-Width Control.- 7.2.3 Phase Angle Control.- 7.2.4 Distribution and Design of Trigger Pulses.- 7.3 Rectifying with Stabilization.- 7.3.1 Semi-controlled Single-Phase Bridge Circuit.- 7.3.2 Fully-controlled Three-Phase Bridge Circuit.- 7.4 D.C./D.C. Conversion with Stabilization.- 7.4.1 D.C. Controller Circuit.- 7.5 Inverting with Stabilization.- 7.5.1 Centre-tap Circuit.- 8 Applications of Control Systems in Power Supply Devices.- 8.1 General.- 8.2 The Operation of Open- and Closed-loop Control Systems.- 8.3 Components of the Closed-loop Control System.- 8.3.1 Final Control Element.- 8.3.2 Controlled Object.- 8.3.3 Control Equipment.- 8.4 Operational Amplifiers in the Regulator.- 8.4.1 Error and Deviation.- 8.4.2 Classification of Regulators.- 8.5 Controlled Rectifiers with Thyristor Power Section.- 8.5.1 Power Section.- 8.5.2 Control Section.- 8.5.3 Behaviour of the Output Voltage and Dynamic Response.- 8.5.4 Type Designation.- 8.6 Controlled Power Supply Equipment with Transistor Power Section.- 8.6.1 Rectifiers with Linear Regulators.- 8.6.2 Rectifiers with Switching Regulators.- 8.6.3 Switching-mode Power Supplies.- 8.6.4 D.C./D.C. Converters.- 8.6.5 Pulse Inverters.- 9 Switching Mode Power Supplies.- 9.1 Type 48 V/12 A (60 V/10 A).- 9.1.1 General and Application.- 9.1.2 Modes of Operation.- 9.1.3 Survey Diagram of the Power Supply System.- 9.1.4 Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle of the Rectifier Module 48 V/12A (60 V/10 A).- 9.1.5 Technical Data.- 9.2 Type 48 V (60 V)/30 A and 100 A.- 9.2.1 General and Application.- 9.2.2 Modes of Operation.- 9.2.3 Survey Diagram of the Power Supply System.- 9.2.4 Survey Diagram, Block Diagram and Functioning Principle of the Rectifier Module 48 V (60 V)/30 A and 100 A.- 9.2.5 Technical Data.- 9.3 Type 48 V/120 A (60 V/100 A).- 9.3.1 General and Application.- 9.3.2 Modes of Operation.- 9.3.3 Survey Diagrams of the Power Supply System 400.- 9.3.4 Survey Diagram, Block Diagram and Functioning Principle of the Rectifier Module 48 V/120 A (60 V/100 A).- 9.3.5 Technical Data.- 9.4 Type 48 V (60 V, 67 V)/50 A and 100 A.- 9.4.1 General and Application.- 9.4.2 Modes of Operation.- 9.4.3 Survey Diagram of the Power Supply System.- 9.4.4 Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle of the Rectifier Module 48 V (60 V, 67 V)/50 A and 100 A.- 9.4.5 Technical Data.- 9.5 Power Supply Controller.- 10 Thyristor Controlled Rectifiers.- 10.1 Type 48 V (60 V)/200 A.- 10.1.1 General and Application.- 10.1.2 Modes of Operation.- 10.1.3 Survey Diagrams of the Power Supply System.- 10.1.4 Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle of the Rectifier Unit 48 V (60 V)/200 A.- 10.2 Type 48 V (60 V)/1000 A.- 10.2.1 General and Application.- 10.2.2 Modes of Operation.- 10.2.3 Survey Diagram of the Power Supply System.- 10.2.4 Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle of the Rectifier Unit 48 V (60 V)/1000 A.- 10.3 Assemblies.- 10.3.1 Regulation Module A3.- 10.3.2 Control Module A9.- 10.3.3 Trigger-Pulse Transformer Module All (A21).- 10.3.4 Battery- and Thermo Disconnection Module A16.- 10.3.5 12-Pulse-Regulation Module A23.- 10.4 Technical Data.- 11 Magnetically Controlled Rectifiers.- 11.1 Types 24 V to 220 V/10 A to 400 A.- 11.1.1 General and Application.- 11.1.2 Modes of Operation.- 11.1.3 Survey Diagram of the Power Supply System.- 11.1.4 Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle of the Rectifier Unit 24 V to 220 V/10 A to 400 A.- 11.1.5 Technical Data.- 12 D.C./D.C. Converter.- 12.1 Type 50 W to 200 W.- 12.1.1 Application.- 12.1.2 Modes of Operation.- 12.1.3 Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle.- 12.1.4 Technical Data.- 12.2 Type 750 W.- 12.2.1 Application.- 12.2.2 Modes of Operation.- 12.2.3 Survey Diagram and Functioning Principle.- 12.2.4 Technical Data.- 13 D.C./A.C. Inverters.- 13.1 Type 2.5 kVA.- 13.1.1 Application.- 13.1.2 Type Designation.- 13.1.3 Modes of Operation.- 13.1.4 Survey Diagram of the Power Supply System.- 13.1.5 Survey Diagram, Block Diagram and Functioni
