Plane and Geodetic Surveying

Plane and Geodetic Surveying blends together theory and practice, conventional techniques and satellite-based methods, to provide the ideal book for students of surveying. It gives detailed guidance on how and when the principal surveying instruments (total stations, levels and navigational satellite receivers) should be used. It fully and clearly explains the concepts and formulae needed to convert instrument readings into useful and reliable results. It offers rigorous explanations of the theoretical background to surveying, while at the same time providing a wealth of useful advice about conducting a survey in practice. The book also contains an accompanying least square adjustment program that is available for free download. What’s New in the Second Edition: Revises and updates the text to reflect recent developments in satellite navigation, laser scanners and total stations Provides a more rigorous treatment of how to calculate and use mean earth curvature in geodetic geometry Includes substantial additional information on precise levelling, spherical and ellipsoidal geometry, trigonometric heighting and setting out Offers a fuller description of mapping systems, including the State Plane Coordinate System This book is essential for all students of surveying and for practitioners who need a ‘stand-alone’ text for further reading.

Introduction Aim And Scope Classification Of Surveys The Structure Of This Book General Principles Of Surveying Errors Redundancy Stiffness Adjustment Planning And Record Keeping Principal Surveying Activities Establishing Control Networks Mapping Setting Out Resectioning Deformation Monitoring Angle Measurement The Surveyor’s Compass The Clinometer The Total Station Making Observations Checks On Permanent Adjustments Distance Measurement General Tape Measurements Optical Methods (Tachymetry) Electromagnetic Distance Measurement (EDM) Ultrasonic Methods GNSS Levelling Theory The Instrument Technique Booking Permanent Adjustments Precise Levelling Contours Levelling Over Longer Distances Satellite Surveying Introduction How GPS Works Differential GNSS (DGNSS) Using DGNSS In The Field Redundancy Processing GNSS Results The International Terrestrial Reference System Further Details Of GPS And Galileo Enhancement Of GNSS Geoids, Ellipsoids And Co-Ordinate Transforms Definition Of The Geoid The Need For An Ellipsoid Orthometric Heights And Bench Marks Geometry Of The Ellipse Transformations Between Ellipsoids ETRS And The International Terrestrial Reference System Further Properties Of Ellipsoids Map Projections The Need For Projections Useful Properties Of Projections Common Classes Of Projections Individual Projections Distortions In Conformal Projections Grids Bearings On Grids The Realisation Of The British National Grid Co-Ordinate Systems For Engineering Works In Britain Reduction Of Distance Measurements Correction For The Curvature Of The Ellipsoid Correction For Light Curvature Corrections To Slope Distance Measurements Final Calculation Of Reduced Distance Slope Distances Summary Adjustment Of Observations Introduction The Bowditch Adjustment Least-Squares Adjustment Error Ellipses Least-Squares Adjustment By Computer Interpreting Least-Squares Results Summary Trigonometric Heighting Introduction Methods For Trigonometric Heighting Procedure For Reciprocal Vertical Measurements Scheme Of Observations Calculations Accuracy Of Reciprocal Vertical Angles Appendices

Aylmer Johnson