Phytomedicine Research and Development

Phytomedicine has become more important and gained constant improvement today for the betterment of health. Herbal medicine plays a significant role in the development of new drugs, contrary to the modern medicinal systems. For more than a decade, there has been a drastic improvement in phytomedicine across the world. This growth has reached a higher level in development by pharmaceutical industries everywhere. People have drifted toward herbal medication and practices for their food and health care. Therefore, in order to create abundant interest in the research of phytosciences, this book is one of the better reference tools. The bioactive compounds in plants need to be explored to know the scientific value and therapeutic properties of the medicinal plants against many diseases. This book contains chapters that are relevant to the advanced research in herbal medicines and will enlighten readers to the importance of medicinal plants as daily sources of nutrition and cures for diseases. This book highlights the unique features of the plants that have not been studied so far for their therapeutic potential. To prove the efficacy of medicinal plants, they have to be studied, examined, and scientifically verified. Hence, this book will better serve the researchers working under different aspects of phytomedicine. Features • The information provided through scientific validation is useful to study the pharmacological activity of herbals and their administration in the modern era. • The readers can find clear understanding in the research and development of phytopharmaceutical drugs. • The ideas incorporated in each chapter reveal the knowledge gained in studying the biological activities of the compounds present in the plant, which are indeed most worthy for the development of drugs. • The harvesting of new ideology toward modern scientific technologies that are employed in the field of pharmacological research.

Chapter 1 Ethnic Uses and Commercial Applications of Capsicum assamicum (Bhut jolokia) ........................................... 1 Ajitabh Bora, Khonamai S. Nakhuru, Baikuntha J. Gogoi, Pronobesh Chattopadhyay, and Sanjai K. Dwivedi Chapter 2 Plant-Based Compounds as Alternative Adjuvant Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Cancer ............................... 7 E. C. Aniogo, Blassan P. George, and Heidi Abrahamse Chapter 3 Ethnomedicinally Important Pteridophytes of Kolli Hills from Eastern Ghats, India ....................................... 13 Muniappan Ayyanar and Jeyalatchagan Sureshkumar Chapter 4 Bioprospecting of Antimicrobial Carica papaya Leaf Extract for Finishing of Fabrics in Health Care Industries ..................................................................................................................................... 23 B. Sathya Priya, T. Stalin, and Olivier Nzamwita Chapter 5 Analysis of Discrete and Combined Effect of Solvent, Extraction Time, and Extraction Temperature on Polyphenol Compounds Extraction from Roxburgh Fig (Ficus auriculata Lour.) Fruit Using Response Surface Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 27 Gayathri Jagadeesan, Kasipandi Muniyandi, M. Ashwini Lydia, Gayathri Nataraj, Suman Thamburaj, Saikumar Sathyanarayanan, and Parimelazhagan Thangaraj Chapter 6 GC-MS Analysis of Methanolic Extract of Rubus ellipticus: A Wild Edible Fruit ............................................ 37 Elizabeth George, Blassan P. George, Sajeesh Thankarajan, Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Kasipandi Muniyandi, and Saikumar Sathyanarayanan Chapter 7 Chemoprotective and Immunomodulating Effects of Ferulic Acid on Cisplatin Chemotherapy in Dalton’s Lymphoma Xenografted Mice .......................................................................................................... 45 Giftson J. Senapathy, R. Krishnamurthy, Heidi Abrahamse, P. Umadevi, and S. Murugan Chapter 8 Anti-microbial and Anti-oxidant Properties of Solvent Extract of Lichen Species Collected from Kodaikanal Hills, Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu................................................................................................ 53 R. Kalidoss, M. Mariraj, M. Shenbagam, J. Merlin Seles, K. Arun Prasath, N. Rajaprabu, and P. Ponmurugan Chapter 9 Preliminary Phytochemical Screening and Identification of Bioactive Compounds from Banana Inflorescence and to Find the Interactions on Molecular Docking for PCOS ..................................................... 63 M. C. Kamaraj, Suman Thamburaj, R. Akshaya, and V. Bhanu Deepthi Chapter 10 Effect of Anti-oxidant-Rich Nutraceutical on Serum Glucose, Lipid Profile, and Oxidative Stress Markers of Salt-Induced Metabolic Syndrome in Rats ....................................................................................... 73 N. Lawal, L. S. Bilbis, R. A. Umar, and A. A. Sabir Chapter 11 Pharmacognostic Studies on Ormocarpum sennoides (Willd.) DC.: A Bone Fracture Healing Plant from Fabaceae ............................................................................................................................................ 83 M. M. Sudheer Mohammed, A. Narayanasamy, and S. Mahadevan Chapter 12 Flowering Plants of Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary, Western Himalaya: With Emphasis on High Altitude Threatened Medicinal Plants ................................................................................................... 93 Ramasamy Manikandan, Chithambaram Murugan, Nithya Sivagami Ponnurangam, and Mehala Devi Ramasamy Chapter 13 Anti-oxidant and Anti-microbial Activities of Flavonoids from the Fruit Extract of Dacryodes edulis ...........131 R. O. Omosimua, B. D. Macham, A. Onanuga, B. T. Thomas, C. O. Ugbomor, G. Iyappan, S. Ramalingam, A. S. Afolabi, and Sunday Asuquo Thomas Chapter 14 Anti-diabetic and Cytotoxicity Studies of Ethanol Extract of Mundulea sericea: A Threatened Medicinal Plant .................................................................................................................................................. 139 S. Gangadevi, K. Kalimuthu, and P. Viswanathan Chapter 15 Evaluation of In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-oxidant and Anti-inflammatory Potential of Aloe vera Gel Extract ....... 145 S. Govindarajan, Spoorthy N. Babu, and Ayesha Noor Chapter 16 Monoterpenes Modulating IL-10: A Systematic Review .................................................................................. 157 Saravanan Shanmugam, Jullyana S. S. Quintans, Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Luciana Scotti, Marcus T. Scotti, Adriano A. S. Araújo, and Lucindo J. Quintans-Júnior Chapter 17 UV/V is a Spectrophotometric Characterization of the Leaf Polyphenolics Content in Elaeocarpus tectorius and its Therapeutic Potential against Selected Urinary Tract Infection Pathogens ........................... 169 M. Ashwini Lydia, Suman Thamburaj, Gayathri Jagadeesan, Gayathri Nataraj, Kasipandi Muniyandi, Saikumar Sathyanarayanan, and Parimelazhagan Thangaraj Chapter 18 Evaluation of Anti-diabetic Activity of Cleome gynandra in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Wistar Albino Rats ......... 179 T. Shanmuganathan and A. V. P. Karthikeyan Chapter 19 To Evaluate the Role of a Novel Herbal Formulation by Topical Application in Cancer Therapeutics (Mouse Model) .................................................................................................................................................. 183 Umrao Ankita, Rao Gururaj A., Rao S. G. A., and Rao Jyothsna A. Chapter 20 Coconut Sprouts as Phytomedicine: An Approach towards the Development of Nutraceuticals ..................... 187 S. Abiraami Valli and S. Uma Gowrie Chapter 21 Assessment of Secondary Metabolites in the Yams of Dioscorea oppositifolia L. & Dioscorea pentaphylla L. ................................................................................................................................................... 197 S. Vivek, Y. Aron Santhosh Kumar, and M. Palanisamy Chapter 22 Evaluation of Anti-ulcer Potential of Sphenodesme involucrata var. paniculata (C.B. Clarke) Munir Leaves on Various Gastric Aggressive Factors ................................................................................................. 203 P. S. Sreeja, K. Arunachalam, and Parimelazhagan Thangaraj Contents vii Chapter 23 Seaweeds: A Potent Source of Bioactive Compounds ........................................................................................217 L. Stanley Abraham, Vasantharaja Raguraman, R. Thirugnanasambandam, K. M. Smitha, D. Inbakandan, and P. Premasudha Chapter 24 Bioactive Compounds in Marine Macro Algae and Their Role in Pharmacological Applications .................. 227 Subramaniam Kalidass, Lakshmanan Ranjith, Palavesam Arunachalam, Amarnath Mathan Babu, and Karuppasamy Kaviarasan Chapter 25 Fisher Folks Usage of Medicinal Plants against Gynecological Disorders ....................................................... 245 Vijayakumar Dhaarani and Arumugam Rajendran Chapter 26 In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Syzygium calophyllifolium on A549 Lung Cancer Cells ................................ 251 Rahul Chandran and Heidi Abrahamse

Dr. Parimelazhagan Thangaraj completed his graduation from St. Joseph’s College (Autonomous), Trichy and Ph.D from Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. His areas of specialization include Bioprospecting of medicinal plants. Dr. Parimelazhagan has worked as Scientist in Defence Research & Development Organization, Ministry of Defence, Govt. of India. He has also worked as Scientist in Rubber Research Institute of India, Ministry of Commerce, Govt. of India, Tura, Meghalaya. He has 17 years of research and 10 years of teaching experience. He has been awarded with Raman Fellowships for Post-Doctoral Research for Indian Scholars in USA by University Grants Commission, Govt. of India and he undertook research for one year. Added to the credits, he had authored quite a few books and book chapters in his felid of specialization. He has filed three patents and one granted patent. He has more than 80 research publications in international and national peer reviewed journals. He has bagged National Science Day Medal 2005 and Laboratory Scientist of the Year award 2005 from DRDO, New Delhi. Currently, he is engaged in the investigation of phytomedicine to find out some novel herbal drugs and nutraceuticals product to treat some of the most common human diseases like diabetes and cancer.