Particle Confinement in Penning Traps An Introduction

This book provides an introduction to the field of Penning traps and related experimental techniques. It serves both as a primer for those entering the field, and as a quick reference for those working in it. The book is motivated by the observation that often a vast number of different resources have to be explored to gain a good overview of Penning trap principles. This is especially true for students who experience additional difficulty due to the different styles of presentation and notation. This volume provides a broad introductory overview in unified notation.

A Bit of History and Context.- Penning Trap Concept and Implementation.- Hyperbolic and Cylindrical Penning Traps.- Variations on the Penning Trap Concept.- Motion of a Single Particle in an Idealised Trap.- Motion of a Single Particle in a Real Penning Trap.- Inherent Effects of Single-Particle Confinement.- Particle Ensembles in Penning Traps.- Loading a Trap with Particles.- Excitation of Particle Motions.- Resonant Motional Coupling.- Motional Cooling in Penning Traps.- Particle Ensemble Density: Rotating Wall.- The Concept of Image Charges.- Electronic Detection and Frequency Measurement.- Radio-Frequency Spectroscopy: Penning-Trap Mass Spectroscopy.- Radio-Frequency Spectroscopy: Outreach.- Optical Spectroscopy.- Laser-Microwave Double-Resonance Spectroscopy.-  Magnetic Bottles as Implemented in Penning Traps.- Application of the Continuous Stern Gerlach Effect.- A: Penning Trap Confinement: The Brief Version.- B: Magnetic Field Creation and Control.- C: Equivalence of Results for Magnetic Bottle Strength.- D: Cryogenics.- E: Collisional Effects in Penning Traps.- F: General Design Considerations.- G: A More Detailed Look at the Potential.- H: A Special Case of Mediated Cooling.