Next-Generation Batteries and Fuel Cells for Commercial, Military, and Space Applications AND SPACE APPLICATIONS

Distilling complex theoretical physical concepts into an understandable technical framework, Next-Generation Batteries and Fuel Cells for Commercial, Military, and Space Applications describes primary and secondary (rechargeable) batteries for various commercial, military, spacecraft, and satellite applications for covert communications, surveillance, and reconnaissance missions. It emphasizes the cost, reliability, longevity, and safety of the next generation of high-capacity batteries for applications where high energy density, minimum weight and size, and reliability in harsh conditions are the principal performance requirements. Presenting cutting-edge battery design techniques backed by mathematical expressions and derivations wherever possible, the book supplies an authoritative account of emerging application requirements for small, lightweight, high-reliability rechargeable batteries—particularly for portable and implantable medical devices and diagnostic capsules. It devotes a chapter to fuel cells and describes the three distinct types of practical fuel cells, including those that use aqueous electrolytes, molten electrolytes, and solid electrolytes. Identifies critical performance parameters and limits of rechargeable batteries, including state of charge, depth of discharge, cycle life, discharge rate, and open-circuit voltage Provides a foundation in the basic laws of electrochemical kinetics Highlights performance capabilities of long-life, low-cost, rechargeable batteries, for particular applications in battlefield systems and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs ) A.R. Jha, author of 10 books on alternative energy and other topics, outlines rechargeable battery requirements for electric vehicles (EVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). He identifies the unique materials for electrolytes, cathodes, and anodes that are most cost-effective with significant improvements in weight, size, efficiency, reliability, safety, and longevity. Since electrode kinetics play a key role in the efficient operation of fuel cells, the book also provides you with a foundation in the basic laws of electrochemical kinetics.

Current Status of Rechargeable Batteries and Fuel Cells Rechargeable Batteries Fundamental Aspects of a Rechargeable Battery Critical Performance Characteristics of Rechargeable Batteries Capabilities of Widely Used Rechargeable Batteries in Commercial Applications Recycling of Batteries Toxicity of Materials Used in the Manufacture of Rechargeable Batteries Safe Toxicity Limits for Workers Three Main Characteristics of a Rechargeable Battery Cost-Effective Justification for the Deployment of a Specific Rechargeable Battery for a Specified Application Techniques to Improve Battery Performance in Terms of Weight and CostWhy Use Pb-Acid Batteries for Automobiles? Description of Flow Batteries Rechargeable Batteries Irrespective of Power Capability Rechargeable Batteries for Low- and Moderate-Power Applications Rechargeable Batteries for Commercial and Military Applications High-Power Batteries for Commercial Applications Critical Role of Ni-Cd in Rechargeable Batteries for Military Aircraft Benefits of Ni-MH Rechargeable Batteries for Military Aircraft Impact of Temperature on Discharge Capacity of Ni-MH Batteries Charging Procedure for a Ni-MH Battery Degradation Factors in Ni-MH Battery Performance Thermal Batteries for Aerospace and Defense Applications Batteries for Space Applications Rechargeable Batteries for Commercial Applications Ni-Zn Batteries for Commercial Applications Rechargeable Battery Requirements for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Test Requirements for Rechargeable Batteries Needed for Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Predicting the Battery Life of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles Performance Capabilities of Batteries Currently Used for Electric and Hybrid VehiclesBatteries for Low-Power Applications Batteries Using Th in-Film and Nanotechnologies TF Microbatteries Charge-Discharge Cycles and Charging Time of Low-Power Batteries Structural Configuration for Low-Power Batteries Most Popular Materials Used for Low-Power Batteries Low-Power Standard Cells Miniature Primary Batteries Low-Power Batteries Using Nanotechnology Paper Batteries Using NanotechnologyFuel Cells Description of the Most Popular Fuel Cell Types and Their Configurations Types of Fuel Cells Conclusion References Batteries for Aerospace and Communications Satellites Introduction Onboard Electrical Power System Electrical Power-Bus Design Configuration Solar-Array Panels Solar Panel Performance Requirements to Charge the Space-Based BatteriesBattery Power Requirements and Associated Critical Components Solar-Array Performance Requirements Electrical Power Requirements from the Solar Arrays during Dark PeriodsSolar Panel Orientation Requirements to Achieve Optimum Power from the Sun Solar-Array Configurations Best Suited for Spacecraft or Communications Satellite Direct Energy Transfer System Cost-Effective Design Criterion for Battery-Type Power Systems for Spacecraft Method of Comparison for Optimum Selection of Power System for a Spacecraft Step-byStep Approach for Power System Performance Modeling Requirements to Determine I-V CharacteristicsImpact on Battery Electrical Parameters from Onboard Charging and DischargingSpacecraft Power System Reliability Failure Rates for Various System Components Failure Rate Estimation Reliability Improvement of the Spacecraft Power System Using CC and PWM Regulator Techniques Reliability Improvement of the Spacecraft Power System Using DET System, CC, and Battery Booster Techniques Weight and Cost Penalties Associated with Redundant Systems Total System Weight and Cost as a Function of Mission Length Reliability Degradation with the Increase in Mission Duration Increase in Weight and Cost due to Redundant Systems Ideal Batteries for Aerospace and Communications Satellites Typical Power Requirements for Space-Based Batteries Aging Eff ect Critical in Space-Based BatteriesPerformance Capabilities and Battery Power Requirements for the Latest Commercial and Military Satellite Systems Commercial Communication Satellite SystemsPerformance Capabilities of the Commercial Communications Satellite Systems Military Satellites for Communications, Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Target Tracking Military Communications Satellites and Their Capabilities DSCS-III Communication Satellite System Power Generation, Conditioning, and Storage Requirements MILSATCOM System European Communications Satellite SystemBatteries Best Suited to Power Satellite Communications Satellites Rechargeable Batteries Most Ideal for Communications Satellites Performance Capabilities of Ni-Cd Rechargeable Batteries for Space Applications Performance Parameters of Ni-H2 Batteries Performance Capabilities of Ag-Zn Batteries Space Applications of Lithium-Ion Batteries Conclusion References Fuel Cell TechnologyIntroduction Classifications of Fuel Cells Aqueous Fuel Cell Using Specific Electrolyte Fuel Cells Using Semisolid Electrolyte Fuel Cells Using Molten Electrolyte Classifications of Fuel Cells Based on Electrolytes Performance Capabilities of Fuel Cells Based on Electrolytes High-Temperature Fuel Cells with Semisolid Molten Electrolyte Low-Temperature Fuel Cells Using Various Electrolytes Performance of Low-Temperature and Low-Pressure Fuel Cells Using Aqueous Electrolyte Output Power Capability of Aqueous Fuel CellsFuel Cells Using a Combination of Fuels Performance of Liquid-Liquid Fuel Cell Design Fuel Cell Designs for Multiple Applications Fuel Cells for Electric Storage Battery Applications DSK-Based Fuel Cells Using Hydrogen-Based DSK Electrodes and Operating under Harsh Conditions Performance of DSK-Based Fuel Cells with Monolayer DSK Electrodes Ion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells Performance Specifications for IEM Fuel Cells and Batteries for Space Applications Fuel Cells Using Low-Cost, Porous Silicon Substrate Materials Hydrogen-Oxygen Power Fuel Cell Using Porous Silicon Structure Fuel Cell Reactions and Thermodynamic Efficiencies DMFC Devices Using a PEM Structure Silicon-Based DMFC Fuel Cells Potential Applications of Fuel Cells Fuel Cells for Military and Space Applications Fuel Cells for Battlefi eld Applications Deployment of Fuel Cells in UAVs Acting as Electronic Drones Capable of Providing Surveillance, Reconnaissance, Intelligence Gathering, and Missile Attack CapabilitiesWhy Fuel Cells for Counterinsurgency Applications?Fuel Cells for Aircraft Applications Performance Capabilities and Limitations of All-Electric Aircraft or Vehicles Fuel Cells for Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Electric VehiclesFuel Cells for Commercial, Military, and Space Applications Fuel Cells for Automobiles, Buses, and Scooters Low-Cost, High-Efficiency, Low-Temperature H2-O2 Fuel Cells Design Aspects and Performance Parameters of a Low-Cost, Moderate-Temperature Fuel Cell Design Requirements for Cost-Effective Fuel Cells Ideal Fuel Cells for the Average Homeowner Design Requirements for Fuel Cells for HomeownersCompact Fuel Cells for Cars, Scooters, and Motor Bikes Fuel Cells for Portable Electric Power Systems Fuel Cells Capable of Operating in Ultra-High-Temperature Environments Types of Materials Used in Ultra-High-Temperature Fuel Cells Solid Electrolyte Most Ideal for Fuel Cells Operating at Higher Temperatures (600–1,000°C) Molten Electrolytes Offer Improved Efficiencies in High-Temperature Operations Performance Capability of Porous Electrodes Electrode Kinetics and Their Impact on High-Power Fuel Cell Performance Polarization for Chemisorption-Desorption Rates Fuel Cell Requirements for Electric Power Plant Applications Performance Requirements of Fuel Cells for Power Plants Summary References Batteries for Electric and Hybrid VehiclesIntroduction Chronological Development History of Early Electric Vehicles and Their Performance Parameters Electric-Based Transportation MeansElectric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Developed Earlier by Various Companies and Their Performance Specifications ZAPTRUCK ZAP ALIAS Aptera Motors Tesla Motors Baker Motors Development History of the

A. R. Jha received his BS in engineering (electrical) from Aligarh Muslim University in 1954, his MS (electrical and mechanical) from Johns Hopkins University, and his PhD from Lehigh University. Dr. Jha has authored 10 high-technology books and has published more than 75 technical papers. He has worked for companies such as General Electric, Raytheon, and Northrop Grumman and has extensive and comprehensive research, development, and design experience in the fi elds of radars, high-power lasers, electronic warfare systems, microwaves, and MM-wave antennas for various applications, nanotechnology-based sensors and devices, photonic devices, and other electronic components for commercial, military, and space applications. Dr. Jha holds a patent for MM-wave antennas in satellite communications.