New Trends in Green Chemistry

Organic chemistry has played a vital role in the development of diverse molecules which are used in medicines, agrochemicals and polymers. Most ofthe chemicals are produced on an industrial scale. The industrial houses adopt a synthesis for a particular molecule which should be cost-effective. No attention is paid to avoid the release of harmful chemicals in the atmosphere, land and sea. During the past decade special emphasis has been made towards green synthesis which circumvents the above problems. Prof. V. K. Ahluwalia and Dr. M. Kidwai have made a sincere effort in this direction. This book discusses the basic principles of green chemistry incorporating the use of green reagents, green catalysts, phase transfer catalysis, green synthesis using microwaves, ultrasound and biocatalysis in detail. Special emphasis is given to liquid phase reactions and organic synthesis in the solid phase. I must congratulate both the authors for their pioneering efforts to write this book. Careful selection of various topics in the book will serve the rightful purpose for the chemistry community and the industrial houses at all levels. PROF. JAVED IQBAL, PhD, FNA Distinguished Research Scientist & Head Discovery Research Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd.

1. Introduction.- 2. Designing a Green Synthesis.- 2.1 Choice of Starting Materials.- 2.2 Choice of Reagents.- 2.3 Choice of Catalysts.- 2.4 Choice of Solvents.- 3. Basic Principles of Green Chemistry.- 3.1 Prevention of Waste/By-Products.- 3.2 Maximum Incorporation of the Reactants (Starting Materials and Reagents) into the Final Product.- 3.3 Prevention or Minimization of Hazardous Products.- 3.4 Designing Safer Chemicals.- 3.5 Energy Requirements for Synthesis.- 3.6 Selection of Appropriate Solvent.- 3.7 Selection of Starting Materials.- 3.8 Use of Protecting Groups.- 3.9 Use of Catalyst.- 3.10 Products Designed Should be Biodegradable.- 3.11 Designing of Manufacturing Plants.- 3.12 Strengthening of Analytical Techniques.- 4. Green Chemistry in Day-to-Day Life.- 4.1 Dry Cleaning of Clothes.- 4.2 Versatile Bleaching Agent.- 5. Environmental Pollution.- 6. Green Reagent.- 6.1 Dimethylcarbonate.- 6.2 Polymer Supported Reagents.- 7. Green Catalysts.- 7.1 Acid Catalysts.- 7.2 Oxidation Catalysts.- 7.3 Basic Catalysts.- 7.4 Polymer Supported Catalysts.- 8. Phase Transfer Catalysis in Green Synthesis.- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.2 Applications of PTC in Organic Synthesis.- 8.3 Oxidation Using Hydrogen Peroxide Under PTC Condition.- 8.4 Crown Ethers.- 9. Microwave Induced Green Synthesis.- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 Applications.- 9.3 Conclusion.- 10. Ultrasound Assisted Green Synthesis.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Applications of Ultrasound.- 10.3 Conclusion.- 11. Biocatalysts in Organic Synthesis.- 11.1 Introduction.- 11.2 Biochemical (Microbial) Oxidations.- 11.3 Biochemical (Microbial) Reductions.- 11.4 Enzymes Catalysed Hydrolytic Processes.- 12. Aqueous Phase Reactions.- 12.1 Introduction.- 12.2 Diels-Alder Reaction.- 12.3 Claisen Rearrangement.- 12.4 Wittig-Horner Reaction.- 12.5Michael Reaction.- 12.6 Aldol Condensation.- 12.7 Knoevenagel Reaction.- 12.8 Pinacol Coupling.- 12.9 Benzoin Condensation.- 12.10 Claisen-Schmidt Condensation.- 12.11 Heck Reaction.- 12.12 Strecker Synthesis.- 12.13 Wurtz Reaction.- 12.14 Oxidations.- 12.15 Reductions.- 12.16 Polymerisation Reactions.- 12.17 Photochemical Reactions.- 12.18 Electrochemical Synthesis.- 12.19 Miscellaneous Reactions in Aqueous Phase.- 13. Organic Synthesis in Solid State.- 13.1 Introduction.- 13.2 Solid Phase Organic Synthesis Without Using Any Solvent.- 13.3 Solid Supported Organic Synthesis.- 14. Versatile Ionic Liquids as Green Solvents.- 14.1 Green Solvents.- 14.2 Reactions in Acidic Ionic Liquids.- 14.3 Reactions in Neutral Ionic Liquids.- 15. Synthesis Involving Basic Principles of Green Chemistry: Some Examples.- 15.1 Introduction.- 15.2 Synthesis of Styrene.- 15.3 Synthesis of Adipic Acid, Catechol and 3-dehydroshikimic Acid (a potential replacement for BHT).- 15.4 Synthesis of Methyl Methacrylate.- 15.5 Synthesis of Urethane.- 15.6 An Environmentally Benign Synthesis of Aromatic Amines.- 15.7 Selective Alkylation of Active Methylene Group.- 15.8 Free Radical Bromination.- 15.9 Acetaldehyde.- 15.10 Furfural from Biomass.- 15.11 Synthesis of (S)-metolachlor, an Optically Active Herbicide.- 15.12 Synthesis of Ibuprofen.- 15.13 Synthesis of Paracetamol.- 15.14 Green Synthesis of 3-phenyl Catechol.- 15.15 Synthesis of Epoxystyrene.- 15.16 Synthesis of Citral.- 15.17 Synthesis of Nicotinic Acid.- 15.18 Use of Molting Accelerators to Replace More Toxic and Harmful Insecticides.- 15.19 An Environmentally Safe Marine Antifoulant.- Suggested Readings.