National Security and International Environmental Cooperation in the Arctic — the Case of the Northern Sea Route

The basic objective of this report is to place the debate about the future of the Northern Sea Route into the larger picture of Arctic politics and the emerging agenda of the Arctic as a developing region in international society. National security and international environmental cooperation, are the objects of study employed, both separately and in various conceptual combinations, to realize this purpose. To help me in this, I was privileged to draw on the profound expertise of my highly esteemed co-authors, Professor Franklyn Griffiths at the University of Toronto and Senior Researchers at IMEMO in Moscow: Raphael Vartanov, Alexei Roginko and Alexander Kolossov. To their cooperative spirit, friendship and solid contributions to this report, ( am deeply indebted. The report is the result of multiple contributions, both in terms of substance and funding, extending far beyond the inputs of the team of authors. The professional input and thorough work 'behind the scene' done by Liv Astrid Sverdrup, Researcher at FNI at an early stage of the project, has been invaluable. Senior Consultant Kjell Moe at the Norwegian Polar Institute also provided valuable comments and improvements to the biological parts of the Introductory chapter, whilst Senior Consultant Ann Skarstad at FNI, worked wonders with the language for those of us not having English as our mother tongue. Claes Lykke Ragner, Deputy head of the (NSROP secretariat, and Dr.

Introductory Chapter: International Use of the Northern Sea Route: What is the Problem?.- • The Case of the NSR: What Makes it an International Challenge?.- • The Arctic Bioregion: Its Functioning, Fragility and Vulnerability.- • Civility in Utilization.- 1: National Security and the Evolving Issues of Arctic Environment and Cooperation..- • The Security and Cooperative Order of Cold War Arctic.- • Arctic Security in the post Cold War Period.- • The Evolving Pan-Arctic Concept of Environmental Cooperation and its Relevance to Security.- • Summary.- 2: Russian Security Policy 1945–96: The Role of the Arctic, the Environment and the NSR..- • Evolution of Soviet Security Perceptions, 1945–1991, and Approaches Toward the Arctic.- • Arctic Security Thinking Within the Current Political Process in Russia.- • Environmental Security Issues in the Russian Arctic in the Context of INSROP.- • Conclusion.- 3: Environment and Security in Arctic Waters: A Canadian Perspective..- • Canadian Security Perspectives, 1945–1997.- • Cooperative and Common Security as Frameworks.- • Securing the Arctic Marine Environment.- • A Way Ahead.- 4: Norwegian Security Policy: The Role of the Arctic, the Environment and the NSR..- • Changing Norwegian Perceptions of Threats to National Interests.- • The Basic Elements of Norwegian Security Policy in the Post-World War II Period.- • New Times -New Policy?.- 5: Environment in the U.S. Discourse on Security: The Case of the Missing Arctic Waters..- • Tendencies in U.S. security discourse since 1945.- • Environment and Security Debate in 1997.- • Arctic Waters in U.S. Security Policy.- • Conclusions.- 6: Danish Security Policy: The Role of the Arctic, the Environment and Arctic Navigation..- • The BasicElements of Danish and Greenlandic Security Policy in.- • post World War II Period.- • Greenland’s Military-strategic Use and Potential.- • Greenlandic Security Politics.- • Greenlandic Attitudes to Arctic Shipping.- • Environmental Security and the Danish Realm: Possible Implications for Greenland.- • Conclusion.- 7: The NSR in the Context of Arctic Environmental Cooperation and National Security: Some Concluding Remarks..- • Theoretical Concepts, Political Realities and International Cooperation.- • The Environmental and Security Position of the NSR.- • The NSR’s Capacity to Build a Pan-Arctic Feeling of Community.- Notes.- Selected Bibliography.