Preface
Section 1: Optical Properties for Sensors
Chapter 1.1: Introduction to Optical Sensors
Authors: Jacob J. Lamb, Odne S. Burheim, Bruno G. Pollet and Dag R. Hjelme
Dimensions of Electrochemical Energy Storage Devices
Electrical vs Optical Sensors
General Principles of Fibre Optic Sensor Systems
Sensor Integration
References
Chapter 1.2: Light Properties and Sensors
Authors: Markus S. Wahl, Rolf S. Kristian, Harald I. Muri, Jacob J. Lamb and Dag R. Hjelme
Light as Electromagnetic Waves
Mathematical Formalism
Interaction of Light with Materials
Dielectric Materials
Semiconductor Physics pn-Junction
Light Sources and Detection
Thermal Sources
Non-Thermal Sources
Photodetectors
Spectral Resolution
Fibre Optic Waveguides
Intrinsic Fibre Optic Sensors
Discrete Point Temperature Sensors
Distributed Temperature Sensors
Extrinsic Fibre Optic Sensors
Single Point RI or Chemical Optical Fibre Sensors
References
Section 2: Optical Sensor Measurements
Chapter 2.1: Temperature and Humidity Measurements
Authors: Markus S. Wahl, Harald I. Muri, Jacob J. Lamb, Rolf S. Kristian and Dag R. Hjelme
Humidity as a Measurable Parameter
Principle of Humidity Sensing
Traditional Optical Humidity Detection
Miniaturised Humidity Sensors
Current Optical Temperature Sensor Technologies
Blackbody Radiation-Based Temperature Sensing
Absorption-Based Temperature Sensing
Polarimetric-Based Temperature Sensors
Interferometer-Based Temperature Sensors
Fibre Bragg Grating Temperature Sensors
Some Challenges and Solutions for Optical Fibre-Based Sensing
References
Chapter 2.2: Hydrogen Gas Measurements
Authors: Harald I. Muri, Jacob J. Lamb, Markus S. Wahl, Rolf K. Snilsberg and Dag R. Hjelme
Traditional Gas Optical Measurements
Infrared Absorption
Raman Scattering
Raman- and IR-Based Optical Fibre Hydrogen Sensors
Thin Film-Based Optical Fibre Hydrogen Sensors
Measurement Principles
Measurement Methods
References
Chapter 2.3: Sensor Fusion
Authors: Harald I. Muri, Markus S. Wahl, Jacob J. Lamb, Rolf K. Snilsberg and Dag R. Hjelme
Principle of Sensor Fusion
Sensor Fusion Possibilities
Data Handling
References
Section 3: Energy Production and Storage
Chapter 3.1: Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Water Electrolysers
Authors: Jacob J. Lamb, Odne S. Burheim and Bruno G. Pollet
Introduction
Hydrogen Production
Traditional Production
Electrochemical Production
Turning Hydrogen into Electricity
Effects of Temperature and Humidity Within PEMFCs
Distribution of Temperature and Humidity Within PEMFCs
Research Needs and Measurement Challenges
Possibilities for Micro Optical Technologies in PEMFCs
References
Chapter 3.2: Ultrasound-Assisted Electrolytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Md Hujjatul Islam, Jacob J. Lamb, Odne S. Burheim and Bruno G. Pollet
Introduction
Hydrogen Production Methods
Sonoelectrochemical Production of Hydrogen
Effect of Ultrasound on the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) and the Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER)
Effect of Ultrasound on the Hydrogen Yield
Summary and Outlook
References
Chapter 3.3: Low Grade Waste Heat to Hydrogen
Authors: Yash D. Raka, Robert Bock, Jacob J. Lamb, Bruno G. Pollet and Odne S. Burheim
Introduction
Theoretical Background
Regeneration Process
Thermodynamic Model of a RED Cell
Pumping System Model
Mass Balances
Waste Heat Regeneration System
Economic Model
Scenario Study
Results and Discussion
Feed Solution Concentration
Membrane Properties: Permselectivity and Membrane Resistance
Cell Geometry: Residence Time and Channel Thickness
Economic Analysis: Membrane cost, membrane lifetime and cost of waste heat
Economic Comparison: Capex and LCH
Conclusion
Refernces
Chapter 3.4: Liquid Air Energy Storage
Authors: Zhongxuan Liu, Federico Ustolin, Lena Spitthoff, Jacob J. Lamb, Tuls Gundersen, Bruno G. Pollet and Odne S. Burheim
Introduction
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