Islands, Mounds and Atoms Patterns and Processes in Crystal Growth Far from Equilibrium

1. Introduction.- 1.1 Atoms, Crystals and Visualization.- 1.2 Crystal Growth Far from Equilibrium.- 1.3 Epitaxy.- 1.4 About this Book.- 2. Condensation, Diffusion and Nucleation.- 2.1 Arriving at the Surface: Sticking and Transient Mobility.- 2.2 Moving on: Surface Diffusion.- 2.2.1 The Surface Diffusion Coefficient.- 2.2.2 Transition State Theory.- 2.2.3 Direct Observation of Adatom Diffusion.- 2.2.4 The Onset Method.- 2.2.5 Theoretical Estimates of Diffusion Parameters on Pt(111).- 2.3 Getting Together: Two-Dimensional Nucleation.- 2.3.1 Atomistic Nucleation Theory.- 2.3.2 The Island Size Distribution.- 2.3.3 Experimental Test of Nucleation Theory.- 2.3.4 Binding Energies from Island Densities.- 2.4 Supplementary Topics.- 2.4.1 Condensation on Clusters and at Steps.- 2.4.2 Exchange Diffusion.- 2.4.3 Nucleation and Random Walks.- 2.4.4 Nucleation with Mobile Clusters.- 2.4.5 Adatom-Adatom Interactions and Nucleation Theory.- 2.4.6 Adsorbate Influenced Diffusion and Nucleation.- 3. Island Shapes.- 3.1 Island Shapes and the Hierarchy of Diffusion Processes.- 3.2 The Equilibrium Shape of Adatom and Vacancy Islands.- 3.2.1 Definition and the Wulff Construction.- 3.2.2 Experimental Realization of 2D Equilibrium Shapes.- 3.2.3 The Ising Model and the Awning Approximation.- 3.2.4 Absolute Energy Values for Steps and Kinks.- 3.3 Fractal-Dendritic Islands.- 3.4 Compact, Triangular Islands.- 3.5 Adsorbates and Island Shapes.- 3.6 Shape Instabilities and the Diffusion Field.- 3.7 Supplementary Topics.- 3.7.1 Migration Along Rough Island Edges.- 3.7.2 The Transition from Fractal-Dendritic to Compact Islands: Theory Versus Experiment.- 3.7.3 Stability Criteria for Compact Islands.- 4. Pattern Formation in Multilayer Growth.- 4.1 The Temperature Dependence of Multilayer Growth.- 4.1.1 Growth Modes on Pt(111): TEAS.- 4.1.2 Growth Modes on Pt(111): STM.- 4.1.3 Roughness Measures.- 4.2 Statistical Growth and the Shape of Wedding Cakes.- 4.3 Interlayer Transport.- 4.3.1 The Step Edge Barrier and Some of Its Consequences.- 4.3.2 Theory of Second Layer Nucleation.- 4.3.3 Experimental Determination of the Step Edge Barrier.- 4.3.4 Theoretical Estimates of Step Crossing Rates on Pt(111).- 4.4 Step Atomic Structure and Growth Modes on Pt(111).- 4.4.1 A Model for the Effective Step Edge Barrier.- 4.4.2 Film Thickness Dependence of ?Eeffs at 440K.- 4.4.3 Low Temperature Growth on Pt(111).- 4.4.4 Growth Bifurcation Around 500K.- 4.4.5 CO Adsorption and Mound Growth on Pt(111).- 4.4.6 A Criterion for Mound Growth.- 4.5 Mound Formation with Weak Barriers.- 4.5.1 Diffusion Bias and the Growth-Induced Current.- 4.5.2 Weak Barriers: Onset of the Instability.- 4.5.3 Weak Barriers: Mound Shapes.- 4.6 Long Time Evolution of the Mound Morphology.- 4.6.1 Slope Selection.- 4.6.2 Coarsening.- 4.7 Growth Instabilities of Vicinal Surfaces.- 4.7.1 Stability of a Step Train.- 4.7.2 Step Meandering: The Bales-Zangwill Instability.- 4.7.3 Step Meandering: Experiments and Alternative Mechanisms.- 4.7.4 The Ultimate Fate of Step Flow.- 4.8 Self-Affine Growth.- 4.8.1 Universality Classes of Kinetic Roughening.- 4.8.2 Conserved and Nonconserved Growth.- 4.8.3 Kinetic Roughening and Mound Formation.- 4.9 Supplementary Topics.- 4.9.1 Growth Regimes and Surface Atomic Structure.- 4.9.2 Ripple Formation in Homoepitaxial Growth.- 4.9.3 Derivation of the Step Edge Boundary Condition.- 4.9.4 Second Layer Nucleation and Rate Equations.- 4.9.5 Second Layer Nucleation with Reversible Aggregation.- 4.9.6 Further Experimental Signatures of the Step Edge Barrier.- 4.9.7 Diffusion Bias Without a Step Edge Barrier.- 4.9.8 Continuum Theory of Mound Coarsening.- 4.9.9 Stability of Vicinal Surfaces: Continuum Approach.- 5. Layer-By-Layer Growth and Growth Manipulation.- 5.1 Basic Concepts.- 5.2 Layer-By-Layer Growth by Surfactants.- 5.3 Layer-By-Layer Growth Through Growth Manipulation.- 5.4 Layer-By-Layer Growth Through Surface Reconstruction.- 5.5 Theory of Pulsed Deposition.- 5.6 Kinetic Roughening and Layer-By-Layer Growth.- 6. Methods.- 6.1 Deposition and Vacuum.- 6.2 Microscopy.- 6.2.1 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy.- 6.2.2 Field Ion Microscopy.- 6.3 Diffraction.- 6.4 Total Energy Calculations.- 6.4.1 Density Functional Theory.- 6.4.2 Semi-Empirical Many Body Potentials.- 6.5 Growth Simulations.- 6.5.1 Molecular Dynamics.- 6.5.2 The Kinetic Monte Carlo Method.- 6.5.3 Constructing KMC Models.- 6.5.4 Hybrid Approaches.- References tb.