International Organization Initiatives How and Why Organizations Adapt and Change

How do changes in international organizations (IOs) come about? How do IOs adapt to respond to crises and unforeseen needs of their members, and what roles do the secretariats, and their heads play in this process? International Organization Initiatives deals with these questions and shows how IOs, their secretariats and executive heads launch and implement innovative activities. It sheds light on both proactive and reactive approaches to institutional evolution. Bringing together distinguished scholars of international organizations and experienced practitioners, this volume showcases and investigates IOs' adaptive capacity, their achievements, and limitations. "Through case studies and conceptual frameworks, the book explores a largely uncharted world of IO evolution to which international secretariats contribute significantly. The collection of chapters brings to light the mechanisms used in the past by IOs to adapt to what were, on each occasion, new challenges to their efforts to assist and respond to unprecedented needs of their members faced with new realities. International Organization Initiatives is a valuable resource for both scholars and practitioners interested in IOs and their capacity for change in response to global crises, members' demands, internal impulses or interactions with the outside world. Providing an in-depth look at governance model transformations and institutional innovations, it offers a collective wealth of knowledge and insights, along with lessons for future global governance.

1 - Change in International Organizations
2 - IO Initiatives, Ideology, and the Imaginaries of Liberal Reform
3 - From Functionalism to Constitutionalism: Translating Theories on IO Powers into Practice
4 - The Evolution of IO Powers and Activities: A Legal Framework
5 - Interpreting Constituent Instruments to Justify the Evolving Powers of International Organizations
6 - IO Secretariats as Knowledge Actors
7 - The Establishment of the UN Criminal Tribunals: The Role of the UN Secretariat
8 - The World Bank's Evolution Towards Environmental and Social Responsibilities
9 - WHO's Reactions to COVID- 19: Between Politics and Managerialism
10 - Fossil Fuel Subsidies at the Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development
11 - The African Union Commission's Endeavour with the International Court of Justice for Achieving the Complete Decolonization of Mauritius: The Case of the Chagos Archipelago
12 - Concluding Commentary: Secretariats as Innovators
13 - The Role of Heads of Secretariats in Initiating Change: Functional Formalism and Pluralism
14 - The Evolution of UN Secretary- General Initiatives to Respond to Violent and Non- Violent Threats to International Peace and Security
15 - The Financial Action Task Force: Coming of Age: Becoming an International Organization
16 - UNESCO's Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence (2021): A Case Study in Intergovernmental Leadership and Consensus Building
17 - Is Too Much Vision a Handicap for an Executive Head? Some Thoughts on W Jenks' Curtailed Mandate as ILO Director- General
18 - Taking Initiatives in the WTO: The Role of an Executive Head in Steering Change
19 - The International Energy Agency at 50: The Astounding Environmental Shift from an Organization Focused on Fossil Energy Supply to a Clean Energy Authority
20 - The Driving Role of the Heads of International Organizations: A Case Study Around the Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development
21 - Concluding Commentary: Reflections on IO Leaders' Approaches
22 - Interactions with the Outside World as a Factor for IO Initiatives
23 - International Organization Interactions with Multi- stakeholder Initiatives: The International Labour Organization Experience
24 - How Do External Factors Shape Institutional, Legal, Strategic, or Policy Change in International Organizations: Review of Selected Examples in World Bank Practice
25 - IMF's Responses to New Challenges in the Global Economy: Recent Reforms of Its Financing Toolkit
26 - Interactions with the 'Outside World' and the Work of the World Health Organization in Revising the Global Health Architecture for Pandemic Prevention, Preparedness, and Response
27 - The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria: Partnerships, Collaborations, and Initiatives with International Organizations
28 - IOs' Initiatives: Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance
29 - The Role of Outside Experts in Anchoring Sustainable Development and Climate Protection in ECLAC's Work
30 - Concluding Remarks: Silence

Gabrielle Marceau is professor in the Department of Public International Law and International organisation at the Law Faculty, University of Geneva, and the Hyman Soloway Visiting Professor at the Faculty of Law, University of Ottawa. She was also a visiting professor in several other universities and institutes. Professor Marceau has been involved with associations and groups promoting international (economic) law, and she has published extensively on the relationship between trade and non-trade concerns, dispute settlement, and international organizations. Professor Marceau worked for 30 years in the Secretariat of the WTO, in dispute settlement, in research and in the Director General's office. Henner Gött is a legal and policy advisor at the German Federal Chancellery in Berlin and a professor of law honoris causa at Leuphana University Lüneburg. His research focuses on international economic law, international organizations, international labour law, and on EU and German constitutional law. He previously held positions as a legal advisor at the German Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Climate Action, senior research fellow at Georg-August-University Göttingen, guest lecturer at several other universities, and Co-Founder and Co-Chair of the European Society of International Law's Interest Group on the European and International Rule of Law.