International Conference on Residual Stresses ICRS2

Residual stresses are always introduced in materials when they are produced, or when they undergo non-uniform plastic deformation during use. The circumstances that can cause residual stresses are therefore numerous. Residual stresses exist in all materials and, depending on their distribution, can playa beneficial role (for example, compressive surface stress) or have a catastrophic effect, especially on fatigue behaviour and corrosion properties. The subject of residual stresses took form around 1970 with the development of methods to measure macroscopic deformations during the machining of materials or on an atomic scale by X-ray diffraction. These techniques have made considerable progress in the last 20 years. The meetings organized in several countries (Germany, France, Japan, etc. ) have largely contributed to this progress, aided by the numerous exchanges of information and knowledge to which they have given rise. Studies of the formation of residual stresses began more slowly, but have progressed with the emergence of increasingly realistic models of materials behaviour and with access to ever more powerful codes for numerical calculations. Two successive meetings for discussing this topic have been held in Europe. The first, held in 1982 in Nancy (France), consisted of 30 participants from 5 countries. The second was held in Linkoping (Sweden) in 1984, with 80 participants of 16 nationalities. It was decided to hold a first International Conference, ICRS, to address all aspects of the problem. Held in 1986 in Garmisch-Partenkirschen (FRG), it was an assembly of neady 300 participants from 21 countries.

I. Plenary Papers.- Micromechanical approaches to modelling internal stresses.- Residual-stress effect on fracture strength of ceramics.- X-ray stress determination in ceramics and ceramic-metal composites.- II. Experimental Methods: Diffraction, ultrasonic, magnetic and mechanical methods.- An intelligent workstation for stress determination using X-ray diffraction.- Residual stress state after roll-peening of sintered Fe-Cu material.- Internal strains in machined surfaces of strongly textured Ti-6A1-4V.- Residual stress profile from grain to grain in a welding zone.- Microstructural characterization of heat-treated cold worked steels and fatigued shot-peened aluminium by X-ray diffraction profile analysis.- Judgement of residual stress field uniformity when using the hole-drilling method.- Effects of elastic anisotropy on the lattice strains in polycrystalline metals and composites measured by neutron diffraction.- Effect of partial crack surface contact on fatigue crack growth in residual stress fields.- Variations in stress response curves of the Barkhausen noise method.- Determination of residual stresses in a cold rolled aluminium strip by means of a combination of chemical etching and shadow moire techniques.- Residual stress measurement on coatings and multilayer materials using the step-by-step hole-drilling method.- Non-uniform residual stress determination by a laser method.- X-ray stress measurement of very small areas on the metal/ceramics joined interface (Abstract).- X-ray diffraction focusing circle errors for a PSPC based system.- Error analysis for X-ray stress measurement at the notch.- X-ray stress measurement with W deviation.- Improvement of the X-ray line profiles in order to determine residual stresses.- The effects of displacement of the sample surface from the focusing circle on errors in residual stress determination by X-ray diffraction.- Determination of strain in moving objects by X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation.- The development of a transportable X-ray diffractometer for measurement of stress.- Stresses and textures measured by X-ray diffraction with PTS-Seifert goniometry (Abstract).- Measurements of residual stress in carbon fibre composite materials using X-ray diffraction.- Calculation of X-ray elastic constants in isotropic and textured materials.- Calculation of X-ray elastic constants of textured materials using Kroner model.- Use of the vector method of quantitative texture analysis for the measurement of residual stresses.- Warren-Averbach analysis of X-ray line profile (even truncated) assuming a Voigt-like profile.- Analysis of the plastic deformation in single grains of polycrystalline materials (Abstract).- Demonstration of a new instrument for fast neutron diffraction strain measurements.- Neutron strain radiography.- Measurement of residual stresses in railway rails.- A comparison of finite element analysis with neutron and X-ray measurements of residual strains in stainless steel.- Diffraction elastic constants as determined by means of X-ray and neutron diffraction.- Principle and applications of stress measurements by ultrasonic Rayleigh waves.- Wave propagation in laminated beams with residual stresses.- Magnetoelastic testing of uniaxial and biaxial stresses.- Use of Barkhausen noise in testing for residual stress and comparison to conventional techniques (Abstract).- Measurement of residual stresses of the welded carbon steel plate by magnetic method using contact type sensor.- Technique for processing experimental data from Sachs boring out tests.- An estimated method for measuring the internal residual stresses.- II. Experimental Methods: Residual stresses in ceramic coatings.- Residual stresses in ceramics.- Residual stresses in tool ceramics and their influence on tool life.- Simultaneous determination of residual stresses in a thin alumina layer grown by oxidation on a NiCoCrAlY alloy and in this alloy.- A new model of stress generation during scale growth limited by cation/vacancy diffusion.- Residual stresses and residual stress distributions in TiCN and TiN coated steels (Abstract).- Residual stresses and strength of cemented carbides coated with TiN by plasma CVD process, comparing with that of thermal CVD process.- Elastic constants and residual stresses in ceramic coatings.- Evaluation of residual stresses in noncompact surface layers.- X-ray stress measurement of Si3N4 ceramics.- Modelling of complex stress systems and the provision of a unified structure model for titanium nitride coatings.- An X-ray study on the residual stress and fatigue characteristics of titanium carbide coated steels.- Elastic constants of ceramics for X-ray residual stress measurement.- Calculation of X-ray elastic constants of aluminum oxide ceramics.- X-ray elastic constants and residual stresses in chromium oxide layers.- The X-ray elastic constants of alumina: influence of elastic anisotropy (Abstract).- X-ray measurements of elastic constants and residual stresses in alumina ceramics.- Residual stresses in Zr thin sheets.- Mechanical and microstructural investigation by X-ray diffraction of nickel oxide formed at 900°C.- Correlation between the stresses determined by X-ray diffraction and the kinetic modification associated to the growth stresses during the oxidation (Abstract).- Residual stress measurement in advanced ceramics.- Stress and high temperature resistance of superalloys protected by LPPS coatings.- X-ray diffractometer stress measurements for power plant field applications.- Nondestructive measurement of welding residual stresses by acoustoelastic technique and prediction of fatigue crack growth.- III. Generation Of Internal Stresses: Modelling and calculation.- Modelling of the mechanical behaviour of steels during phase transformation: a review.- Second order residual and internal stresses in microinhomogeneous granular materials under thermomechanical loading.- Calculations of internal stress and strain distributions for duplex structure.- Interactions between transformation plasticity and strain hardening phenomena in steels.- FEM calculation of the micromechanics of a diffusional transformation.- Computational investigation of the anisotropic elastic-plastic material behaviour of fiber-reinforced metals as influenced by residual microstresses.- Residual stresses in metal matrix composites.- Homogenized finite element modelling of thermal residual micro-stresses in discontinuously reinforced metal matrix composites.- Experimental and theoretical study of thermal stresses in thermoplastic moulded parts.- On the mechanics of solidification.- The role of deformation history effects in generation of residual thermal stresses.- Prediction of residual stresses in grinding operations on the basis of mathematical models.- The influence of different geometrical and thermal boundary conditions and the phase transformation on the residual stress state in railroad rails after heat-treatment.- The generation of thermal stress and strain during quenching in sodium polyacrylate solutions.- Calculation of stresses in a 970 mm diameter forging, comparison with measurements.- Numerical study of some types of distortions due to quench of carburized steel pieces.- Experimental and numerical study of residual stresses and strains in an electron-beam-welded joint.- Transient and residual stresses in a single-pass butt welded pipe.- Transient temperature fields and residual stress fields of metallic materials under welding.- Finite element analysis of welding residual stress.- Computer modeling of open crack formation in thin wall steel castings.- Temperature and viscoplastic stresses during vertical semi-continuous direct chill casting of aluminum alloy.- A constitutive model for shape memory alloys.- Intergranular residual stresses in plastically deformed polycrystals.- Measurement of overall internal stresses during biaxial creep tests: evolution of the stored energy.- Second and third approxim