Infrared Thermography

Infrared Thermography gives a thorough introduction to the principles, techniques, and applications of infrared imaging systems. With its comprehensive coverage and applications orientation, this book provides an ideal tutorial introduction to engineers and scientists interested in applying infrared thermography.

1 Revision of Radiometry.- 1.1 The radiometric chain.- 1.2 Radiant flux.- 1.3 Geometrical spreading of a beam.- 1.4 Radiance.- 1.5 Irradiance.- 1.6 Radiant exitance.- 1.7 Radiant intensity of a source in a given direction.- 1.8 Quantity of radiation and exposure.- 1.9 Bouguer’s law.- 1.10 Radiation scattering.- 1.11 Note on units.- 2 Origins of Infrared Radiation.- 3 Thermal Emission by Matter.- 3.1 Black-body radiation.- 3.2 Different types of radiator.- 3.3 Problems with the emissivity of a material.- 3.4 Thermodynamic equilibrium.- 3.5 Problems with the reflectance of a material.- 3.6 Example of an application.- 3.7 Emissivity of materials.- 3.8 Emission from the interior of a medium.- 3.9 Other sources of infrared radiation.- 4 Transmission by the Atmosphere.- 4.1 Self-absorption by gases.- 4.2 Scattering by particles.- 4.3 Atmospheric turbulence.- 4.4 Methods for calculating atmospheric transmission.- 4.5 A practical method for calculating atmospheric transmission.- 5 Optical Materials for the Infrared.- 5.1 Propagation of an electromagnetic wave in matter.- 5.2 Optical properties of a medium.- 5.3 Physical properties of optical materials.- 5.4 Types of material.- 5.5 Properties of some optical materials.- 6 Optical Image Formation.- 6.1 Geometrical optics.- 6.2 Aberrations of optical systems.- 6.3. Calculation of geometrical aberrations.- 6.4 Diffraction.- 7 Scanning and Imaging.- 7.1 Radiometers.- 7.2 Radiometers for spatial analysis.- 7.3 Thermography.- 7.4 Scanning methods.- 7.5 Imaging.- 7.6 Imaging with multi-element detectors.- 7.7 Electronic imaging.- 8 Spectral Filtering.- 8.1 Spectral transmittance of materials.- 8.2 The properties of thin layers.- 8.3 Antireflective thin films.- 8.4 Filters.- 9 Radiation Detectors.- 9.1 Generalities.- 9.2Characteristics of detectors.- 9.3 Noise.- 9.4 Detector sensitivity.- 9.5 Thermal detectors.- 9.6 Different types of thermal detector.- 9.7 Quantum detectors.- 9.8 Different types of quantum detector.- 9.9 Applications of detectors.- 9.10 Multielement detectors.- 9.11 Detectors used in thermography.- 9.12 Charge coupled devices.- 9.13 Infrared charge coupled devices (IRCCD).- 9.14 Sprite detectors.- 9.15 Detector cooling.- 10 Signal Processing.- 10.1 The analogue signal.- 10.2 Processing of analogue signals.- 10.3 Processing of digital signals.- 10.4 Example of application.- 11 Characterisation of infrared systems.- 11.1 Generalities.- 11.2 Characteristics of infrared detectors.- 11.3 Calculation of the characteristics of infrared systems.- 11.4 Measurement of the characteristics of an infrared system.- 11.5 Example: Characterisation of a system.- 12 Imaging and Measurement.- 12.1 Spatial resolution.- 12.2 Thermal resolution.- 12.3 Imaging and measurement.- 12.4 Examples of applications.- 13 Choosing the Spectral Band.- 13.1 Spectral emissivity.- 13.2 Radiated power.- 13.3 Thermal contrast.- 13.4 Atmospheric transmission.- 13.5 Radiation detectors.- 13.6 Stray radiation due to the measuring system itself.- 13.7 Conclusions.- 13.8 Two-band thermal imaging.- 14 Industrial and Military Applications.- 14.1 Infrared thermography in nondestructive testing.- 14.2 Thermography in industrial processes.- 14.3 Acquisition, digitisation and processing in two-band image processing.- 14.4 Infrared signatures – new acquisition and processing techniques.- 14.5 Integrated systems for the nuclear industry.- 14.6 Conclusions.- 15 Infrared Spectroradiometry.- 15.1 Spectroradiometry.- 15.2 An infrared spectroradiometer.- 16 Line Scanners.- 16.1 First generation thermography.- 16.2 Secondgeneration thermography.- 16.3 The infrared line scanner.- 16.4 Description of the ATL 100 system.- 16.5 ATL 100 used for welding control.- 16.6 Example of application: control of roll welding.- 16.7 The HGH ATL infrared scanner.- 16.8 Applications of the ATL 020.- 16.9 The Agema THP 5 and 6 infrared scanner.- 16.10 The HGH ATL 080 infrared scanner.- 17 Advances in Thermographie Systems.- 17.1 Agema (Sweden).- 17.2 Avio-Nippon Avionics (Japan).- 17.3 Inframetrics (USA).- 17.4 Comparison of infrared sensitivities of different thermographie systems.- 17.5 Inframetrics 700.- 17.6 Cooling of detectors.- Colour and Black and White Plates.