India Migration Report 2021 Migrants and Health

India Migration Report 2021 presents a detailed study on the health of migrants. It highlights major healthcare challenges faced by migrant labourers, especially in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has forced authorities, policymakers and many other stakeholders to turn their attention to healthcare delivery unlike ever before. Bringing to the fore the health status of the migrant population both before the pandemic and during the pandemic, the essays in this volume discuss • the ease of access of migrant labourers to primary healthcare services; • the safety challenges faced by migrant workers at their workplaces, their exposure to various physical and psychological health vulnerabilities, and prevalence of potentially malignant health disorders and mental health issues among migrant labourers; • gendered access to healthcare, gender-based violence at workplaces and the gender-related perceptions on topics such as employment, decision-making and general attitude; • the role of decentralization and local self-government institutions in enabling health systems to address health problems of migrants, government policies and programs aimed at providing welfare for return emigrants from the Gulf; • the vulnerabilities migrant workers have encountered across the Indian states during the pandemic, with regards to food insecurity and psychological distress, and the type of support they received from various stakeholders. The volume will be of interest to scholars and researchers of development studies, economics, demography, sociology and social anthropology, and migration and diaspora studies.

1 Migration and health: Charting questions for future research DIVYA RAVINDRANATH AND PAVITRA MOHAN 2 Internal migrants’ health in India: The need for inclusive policies and implementation YADLAPALLI S. KUSUMA AND BONTHA V. BABU 3 Rethinking health of migrant workers ANJALI BORHADE 4 Gender and the migrant experience of seeking healthcare: an exploration using narrative analysis MALA RAMANATHAN, SUNU C. THOMAS AND TIJO GEORGE 5 Migrants and health: a study of low-income migrants in Punjab and Assam RADHIKA CHOPRA, JEEVAN R. SHARMA AND ANUJ KAPILASHRAMI 6 Return migrants and the first wave of COVID-19: results from the Vande Bharat returnees in Kerala S. IRUDAYA RAJAN AND POOJA BATRA 7 Primary healthcare for labour migrants: The need for an inclusive policy BONTHA V. BABU, YOGITA SHARMA AND YADLAPALLI S. KUSUMA 8 Broken bricks: health status of the seasonal migrant workers BIJAYA DEWASHI 9 Burden of occupational morbidities among migrant auto-rickshaw drivers SOUMI MUKHERJEE AND K. C. DAS 10 Prevalence of potentially malignant oral disorders among migrant labourers 117 TIJO GEORGE AND P RAVI PRASAD VARMA 11 Assessment of mental health disorders among migrant Brick Kiln workers of western Odisha BIBHISHANA BHUYAN AND K. C. DAS 12 Building better migrant worker-health system interfaces: noteworthy interventions from local self-government institutions in Kerala SOUMYA GOPAKUMAR, C S DIVYA, ARUNA S VENU AND P RAVI PRASAD VARMA 13 COVID-19 pandemic and interstate migrants: documenting the response of health system and civil society SAPNA MISHRA, MALU MOHAN AND RAKHAL GAITONDE 14 What next for the COVID-19 return emigrants? findings from the Kerala return emigrant survey 2021 S. IRUDAYA RAJAN AND BALASUBRAMANYAM PATTATH 15 Food security and psychological distress of migrants during COVID-19 lockdown SHIVAKUMAR JOLAD AND SHALAKA SHARAD SHAH 16 Livelihood, employment and health of migrant workers in the context of COVID-19 pandemic LEKHA D. BHAT, KESAVAN RAJASEKHARAN NAYAR, SOBIN GEORGE, ARATHI P. RAO, JINBERT LORDSON, NAOREM ARUNIBALA DEVI, SHABANA ROZE CHOWDHURY, MUHAMMED SHAFFI, BINDYA VIJAYAN AND N. PRAJWAL 17 An exploratory analysis of gender attitudes in Tamil Nadu: new evidence from Tamil Nadu migration survey GINU ZACHARIA OOMMEN, S. IRUDAYA RAJAN, GEORGE JOSEPH, SYED USMAN JAVAID, JENNIFER SOLOTAROFF AND LUIS ALBERTO ANDRES 18 Migrants and their livelihoods in the urban informal sector S. S. SRIPRIYA 19 Nexus of social remittances and social change: an ethnographic study of impact of Gulf migration on linguistic pattern of migrants in Uttar Pradesh MOHAMMED TAUKEER 20 International migration of indentured labour from Northern India, 1881–1911 HIMMAT SINGH RATNOO AND PRADIPTA CHAUDHURY

S. Irudaya Rajan is Chairman of the International Institute of Migration and Development (IIMAD), India, and chair of the KNOMAD (the Global Knowledge Partnership on Migration and Development) thematic working group on internal migration and urbanization, World Bank. Earlier, he was Professor at the Centre for Development Studies, and Chair, Research Unit on International Migration (RUIM), funded by the erstwhile Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs, Government of India (2006-2016). Dr Rajan is the Founding Editor in Chief of Migration and Development (Taylor and Francis), Refugee Survey Quarterly (Editorial Board member) and the editor of two Routledge series – India Migration Report and South Asia Migration Report. He has published extensively in national and international journals on demographic, social, economic, political and psychological implications of international migration. He has also coordinated eight major large-scale migration surveys in Kerala since 1998 (with K. C. Zachariah), Goa (2008), Punjab (2009), Tamil Nadu (2015) and instrumental for Gujarat (2011).