Global Contamination Trends of Persistent Organic Chemicals

Environmental pollution by man-made persistent organic chemicals (POCs) has been a serious global issue for over half a century. POCs are prevalent in air, water, soil, and organisms including wildlife and humans throughout the world. They do not degrade and cause long-term effect in organisms. Exposure to certain POCs may result in serious environmental and health effects including birth defects, diminished intelligence and certain types of cancers. Therefore, POCs have been the subject of an intensive regional, national and international effort to limit their production, use, and disposal of these chemical stocks. Trend monitoring studies are essential to make clear the behavior and fate of these compounds and to protect our environment and living resources. Global Contamination Trends of Persistent Organic Chemicals provides comprehensive coverage of spatial and temporal trends of classical and emerging contaminants in aquatic, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems, including the Arctic and Antarctic ecosystems. Compiled by an international group of experts, this volume covers: Spatial and temporal trends of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/DFs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), synthetic musks, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and octyl- and nonylphenols Environmental and biological matrices used for the trend studies were atmosphere, water, soil, sediment, bivalve mollusks, fish, marine mammals, terrestrial mammals, and human breast milk Spatial and temporal trend studies presented from Australia, Brazil, China, Estonia, Ghana, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Norway, Poland, Sweden, the United States, coastal and open ocean environments, and the Arctic and Antarctic regions POCs have been the subject of an intensive regional, national, and international effort to limit their production and use, and to mitigate the disposal of these chemicals. Since POCs are prevalent in air, water, soil, and tissues of organisms (including wildlife and humans) throughout the world and do not degrade, they cause long-term effects in organisms. Trend monitoring studies are essential to make clear the behavior and fate of these compounds and to protect our environment and living resources. Relevant to professionals and students alike, Global Contamination Trends of Persistent Organic Chemicals facilitates the understanding of environmental and biological behavior of these chemicals and the development of strategies for protecting the global environment for future generations.

Classical and Emerging Persistent Organic Chemicals—PerspectivesGlobal Contamination Trends of Persistent Organic Chemicals: An Overview, Bommanna G. LoganathanSpatial and Temporal Trends of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers, Ying Guo, Susan D. Shaw, and Kurunthachalam KannanTemporal Trend of Perfluorinated Compounds from Various Environmental Matrices, Yasuyuki Zushi and Shigeki MasunagaSynthetic Musks and Benzotriazole UV Stabilizers in Marine Ecosystems, Haruhiko Nakata, Ryu-ichi Shinohara, Sayaka Murata, and Hiroshi SasakiGlobal Environmental Distribution and Human Health Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Aramandla Ramesh, Anthony E. Archibong, Darryl B. Hood, Zhongmao Guo,and Bommanna G. LoganathanPersistent Organic Chemicals in the Asia-Pacific RegionOrganohalogen Contamination Profiles and Trends in Australia, Munro R. Mortimer, Leisa-Maree Toms, and Jochen F. MuellerEnvironmental Status of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in China, Ying Xing, Yonglong Lu, and Wenbin LiuOrganochlorine Pesticides, Polychlorinated Biphenyls, and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in the Indian Atmosphere, Paromita Chakraborty and Gan ZhangHistorical Trends of Dioxin Sources and Contamination in Japan, Shigeki MasunagaPolychlorinated Naphthalenes: Use and Contamination Trends in Japan and China, Sachi Taniyasu, Yuichi Horii, Nobuyasu Hanari, Nobuyoshi Yamashita, Jing Pan, Yongliang Yang, and Bommanna G. LoganathanSources, Distributions, and Temporal Trends of Nonylphenols in South Korea, Seongjin Hong and Kyung-Hoon ShinSpatial and Temporal Trends of Persistent Organic Chemicals in Vietnam Soils, Masahide Kawano and Vu Duc ThaoPersistent Organic Chemicals in Europe and AfricaContamination Profiles and Possible Trends of Organohalogen Compounds in the Estonian Environment and Biota, Ott Roots, Vladimir Zitko, Kurunthachalam Senthil Kumar, Kenneth Sajwan, and Bommanna G. LoganathanChlorinated Hydrocarbons in Animal Tissues and Products of Animal Origin from Poland, Alicja Niewiadowska and Jan ZmudzkiTemporal Trends of Organohalogen Compounds in Mother’s Milk from Sweden, Anders Glynn, Sanna Lignell, Marie Aune, Per Ola Darnerud, and Anna TörnkvistTemporal Trends of POPs in Human Milk from Italy, Annalisa Abballe, Anna Maria Ingelido, and Elena De FelipContamination Status of Organochlorine Pesticides in Ghana, William J. Ntow and Benjamin O. BotwePersistent Organic Chemicals in the AmericasContamination Profiles and Possible Trends of Persistent Organic Compounds in the Brazilian Aquatic Environment, Gilberto Fillmann and Juliana LeonelContamination Profiles and Temporal Trends of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Oysters from the Gulf of Mexico, Jose L. Sericano and Terry L. WadeUsing Sediment Cores to Assess Inputs of Organochlorines and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Coastal Georgia Estuaries, Clark Alexander, Allen D. Uhler, and Richard F. LeeTemporal Trends of Selected Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pollutants in Sediments of Kentucky Lake, Baki B. Sadi and Bommanna G. LoganathanPersistent Organic Chemicals in the Coastal, Oceanic, Arctic, and Antarctic RegionsTemporal Trends of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Hexabromocyclododecanes in Marine Mammals with Special Reference to Hong Kong, South China, Ling Jin, James C.W. Lam, Margaret B. Murphy, and Paul K.S. LamStatus and Trends of POPs in Harbor Seals from the Northwest Atlantic, Susan D. Shaw, Michelle L. Berger, and Kurunthachalam KannanOrganohalogen Pollutants in Seabird Eggs from Northern Norway and Svalbard, Lisa Bjørnsdatter Helgason, Kjetil Sagerup, and Geir Wing GabrielsenContamination Profile and Temporal Trend of POPs in Antarctic Biota, Simonetta CorsoliniGlobal Distribution of PFOS and Related Chemicals, Nobuyoshi Yamashita, Leo W.Y. Yeung, Sachi Taniyasu, Karen Y. Kwok, Gert Petrick, Toshitaka Gamo, Keerthi S. Guruge, Paul K.S. Lam, and Bommanna G. LoganathanIndex

Bommanna G. Loganathan, Ph.D., is a professor of environmental/analytical chemistry at the Murray State University (MSU), Kentucky, USA. His current research involves investigations on the distribution, environmental transformation, and fate of persistent organic/organometallic pollutants in the environment and their effects on wildlife and human health. A major focus of his research is to evaluate status and trends of classical as well as emerging pollutants in man-made freshwater lakes such as Kentucky Lake in comparison with natural lakes and marine ecosystems, and to assess the effects of these compounds on human natural killer cells’ ability to kill cancer cells using in vitro assays. He is the author/co-author of over one hundred publications in peer reviewed journals and book chapters. Paul K.S. Lam is Chair Professor of biology at the City University of Hong Kong. He is currently Vice-President (Student Affairs) and Director of State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution. Prof. Lam has extensive research experience in marine environmental research. He is particularly interested in the responses of organisms to toxic chemicals and algal toxins, as well as the risk assessment of these compounds. He is the author/co-author of over 240 publications in international refereed journals. Prof. Lam has been responsible for over 30 major government consultancy projects in the environmental field, including assessments of risks to Hong Kong cetaceans and waterbirds due to toxic contaminants.