Table of Contents
1 Drying
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Important Terms used in Drying Process
1.3 The Drying Curve
1.4 End Point Detection in Drying Process
1.5 Selection of Industrial Dryers
1.6 Classification of Dryers
1.6.1 Classification on the basis of mode of energy input
1.6.2 Classification on the basis of solid handling
1.7 Reference
2 Mixing
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Mixer Selection
2.3 Mixing of liquids
2.3.1 Batch type liquid mixing
2.4 Mixing of Solids and Semisolids
2.4.1 Principle of Solid Mixing
2.4.2 Degree of Mixing
2.4.3 Segregation of Powder (Demixing)
2.4.4 Mechanism of Solid Mixing
2.4.5 Factors affecting solid mixing
2.4.6 Equipments for Solid Mixing
2.4.7 Equipments for Mixing of Semi Solids
2.6 References
3 Comminution
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Importance of Particle Size
3.3 Mechanism of Size Reduction
3.4 Factors Affecting Size Reduction
3.5 Particle Size Distribution
3.6 Particle Size Analysis
3.6.1 Microscopy
3.6.2 Sieving
3.6.3 Sedimentation
3.6.4 Conductivity Method
3.7 Size Reduction of Powder
3.7.1 Cutter mill
3.7.2 Hammer mill
3.7.3 Ball mill
3.7.4 Oscillating granulator
3.7.5 Fluid Energy Mill
3.7.6 Fitz mill
3.8 Size Reduction of Pharmaceutical Dispersions
3.8.1 Agitators
3.8.2 Mechanical Mixers
3.8.4 Homogenizers
3.8.5 Ultrasonic Devices
3.9 Size Reduction in Semisolids
3.9.1 Agitators
3.9.2 Triple Roller mill
3.9.3 Vacuum Emulsifying Mixers
3.10 References
4 Filtration
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Factors Affecting Rate of Filtration
4.3 Mechanism of Filtration
4.3 Filter Media
4.4 Filter Aid
4.5 Filtration Devices
4.5.1 Filter Leaf Assembly
4.5.2 Filter Press
4.5.3 Disc Filter Assembly
4.5.4 Rotary Drum Filter Assembly
4.5.5 Bag Filter Assembly
4.5.6 Cartridge Filter Assembly
4.6 References
5 Pharmaceutical Packaging
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Properties of Pharmaceutical Packaging
5.3 Types of Packages
5.3.1 Primary Package
5.3.2 Secondary Package
5.3.3 Tertiary Package
5.4 Common Material for Pharmaceuticals Packaging
5.4.1 Metal
5.4.2 Glass
5.4.3 Plastic
5.5 Common Packaging Techniques
5.5 References
6 Oral Emulsion
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Types of Emulsions
6.3 Theory of Emulsification
6.4. Formulation Considerations of Emulsions
6.4.1 Emulsion Type
6.4.2 Volume of the Internal Phase
6.4.3 Droplet Size
6.4.4 Viscosity
6.4.5 Preservation
6.4.6 Type and Concentration of Emulsifying Agents
6.5 Emulsion Instability
6.5.1 Cracking
6.5.2 Creaming and Sedimentation
6.5.3 Phase Inversion
6.6 Excipients Used in Emulsion
6.7 Industrial Manufacturing of Emulsions
6.8 References
7 Oral Suspensions
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Dispersed Particles in a Medium
7.3 Formulation Considerations
7.3.1 Chemical Incompatibility
7.3.2 Particle size
7.3.3 Viscosity
7.3.4 Wetting
7.3.5 Mixing
7.3.6 Size reduction and Homogenization
7.3.7 Flocculation
7.3.8 Preservation
7.4 Industrial Scale Manufacturing of Suspension
7.4.1 Direct Incorporation Method
7.4.2 Precipitation Method
7.5 Stability Study of Pharmaceutical Suspensions
5.6 References
8 Tablets and Capsules
8.1 Tablet Dosage Form
8.1.1 Excipients used in Tablets
8.1.2 Techniques for Tablet Preparation
8.1.4 Tablet Compression Machines
8.1.5 Defects in Tablets and their Remedies
8.1.6 Tablet Coating
8.2 Capsule Dosage Form
8.2.1 Types of Capsules
8.3 References
9 Oral Inhalers
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Respiratory Tract
9.2.1 Macrostructure
9.2.2 Microstructure
9.3 Mechanism of Particle Deposition
9.3.1 Impaction
9.3.2 Sedimentation
9.3.3 Diffusion
9.4 Particle Engineering
9.5 Analysis of Aerodynamic Particle Properties
9.6 Devices
9.6.1 Pressurized Metered Dose Inhalers
9.6.2 Dry Powder Inhalers
9.6.3 Soft Mist Inhaler (SMI)
9.6.4 Nebulizers
9.7 Choice of Inhaler
9.8 References
10 Topically Applied Products
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Structure of the Human Skin
10.3. Dermal and Transdermal Drug Delivery
10.3.1 Permeation Through the Skin
10.3.2 Dermal Drug Delivery (e.g., Ointments and Creams)
10.3.3 Transdermal Patches
10.3.4 Transdermal Microneedles
10.4 References
11 Sterile Products
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Parenteral Dosage Forms
11.2.1 Brief History of Parenterals
11.2.2 Types of Parenterals
11.2.3 Formulation Considerations for Parenterals
11.2.4 Manufacturing of Parenterals
11.2.5 Sterilization of Parenteral Formulations
11.3 Sterile Ophthalmic Preparations
11.3.1 Anatomy of Eye
11.3.2 Topical Ophthalmic Products
11.4 Environmental Control for Sterile Manufacturing
11.4.1 Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning System (HVAC)
11.4.2 Classification of Cleanroom
11.4 References
12 Industrial Hazards
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Types of Industrial Hazards
12.2.1 Physical hazard
12.2.2 Chemical Hazards
12.2.3 Mechanical Hazard
12.2.4 Psychosocial Hazards
12.3 References
13 Modified Release Drug Delivery Systems
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Types of Modified Release Dosage Forms
13.2.1 Sustained Release Drug Delivery Systems
13.2.2. Gastro-Retentive Drug Delivery Systems
13.3 References
14 Novel Drug Delivery System
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Targeted Drug Delivery
14.2.1 Passive Targeting
14.2.2 Active Targeting
14.3 Nanopharmaceuticals
14.3.1 Organic nanoparticles
14.3.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles
14.4 References
15 Polymer for Biomedical Applications
15.1 Introduction
15.2. Classification of Polymers
15.2.1 Biodegradable Polymers
15.2.2 Application of Biodegradable Polymers
15.3 References
16 Biotechnology Based Drugs
16.1 Introduction
16.2 DNA Replication
16.2.1 Transcription
16.2.2 Translation
16.3 Recombinant DNA Technology
16.3.1 DNA Transfer
16.3.2 DNA sources
16.3.3 Production by Recombinant DNA Technology
16.4 Specific DNA Techniques
16.4.1 PCR Technology
16.4.2 DNA Hybridization
16.4.3 DNA and Genome Sequencing
