Elements of Industrial Hazards Health, Safety, Environment and Loss Prevention

An introductory course on Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) as applicable to all manufacturing and exploration engineeringindustries. Its first part deals with fundamentals, ecology and environmental engineering and covers air and water pollution sources, magnitude, measuring techniques and remedial measures to minimize them. The second part deals with industrial hazards, healthandsafety. It includes standards, strategies, risk assessment and accident analysis. Thelast part treats eight elements of HSE management, which is currently a critical activity for virtually any engineering business. Intended for a wide audience active in the engineering industry, ranging from the plant supervisor to HSE consultants to operators in the field.

1. INTRODUCTION 1.0 Introduction – Industries & Related Issues1.1 Industrialization – Brief History1.2 Current Scenario1.2.1 Population Growth1.2.2 Life Style1.2.3 Globalization1.2.4 Buyer’s Market1.2.5 Technological Developments and Renovations1.2.6 Mineral Production and Consumption Trends, and Rapid Resources Depletion1.2.7 Information Technology (IT) and its Impacts1.3 Industrial (Occupational) Health, Safety & Environment (HSE)1.3.1 Industry & Environment1.3.2 Industry & Safety1.4 Impact of Industrialization to the Society1.4.1 Mass Balance System / Equation 1.4.2 Damage Due to Industrialization1.4.3 Birth to the Global Issues1.5 HSE – A Critical Business Activity1.6 Environmental Policy1.6.1 Sustainable Development1.6.2 Development Of Industrial Technology1.6.3 Education - Encouraging Stewardship of Natural Resources.1.6.4 The Ultimate Goal 1.7 Questions 1.8 References 2. ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT, MINERAL RESOURCES & ENERGY 2.0 Environment Related Issues2.1 Ecology2.1.1 Eco-system2.1.2 Classifcation – Ecology2.1.3 Ecological components 2.2 Earth’s Great spheres2.2.1 Biotic Component of planet earth – Biosphere2.2.2 Natural Cycles 2.2.2.1Sulfur Cycle2.2.2.2 Nitrogen Cycle2.2.2.3 Carbon Cycle2.2.4 Solar Energy’s Contribution2.3 Food –Food chains – Food webs2.4 Abiotic2.5 Population2.5.1 Impacts Population Growth2.5.2 Concepts to Remember2.6 Chemicals in Motion: Cycles in the Ecosphere2.7 Minerals - The Nonrenewable Resources and their use in Energy, Goods and Services Production2.8 Energy Sources2.8.1 Classification Energy Sources2.8.2 Green Power and its Purchasing Options2.8.3 Energy sources and their merits and limtaions.2.8.4 Top 7 Promising Alternative Energies2.8.5 GDP, Energy Consumption Pattern and CO2 Emissions2.8.6 Risk of CO2 Emissions2.8.7 Coal for Energy Security2.8.8 Clean Coal Technology (CCT)2.8.9 Carbon Capture & Storage (CCT)2.9 Energy Crisis2.9.1Wayout / Solution to the Enrgy crisis 2.9.2 Energy Efficient Lighting tips2.9.3 Energy conservation tips2.9.4 Things to Remember / Way forward2.10 Questions2.11 References 3. AIR POLLUTION3.1 Introduction3.2 Air Pollution3.2.1 Clean and dry air’s composition3.2.2 Air Pollutants3.3 Air toxics 3.4 Air Quality Standards 3.4.1 The Air Quality Index (AQI) or Pollution Standard Index (PSI)3.4.2 Determination of Pollution Standard Index (PSI) Value3.5 Performance Monitoring 3.5.1 Air pollutant receptors and adverse impacts3.6 Global Warming – The Greenhouse Effect 3.6.1 Green house impacts3.6.2 Changing Climate 3.6.3 Calculation of CO2 emission from hydrocarbons3.7 Acid Rain 3.7.1 How acid rain is formed? 3.7.2 pH3.8 Ozone Gas & Photochemical Smog (PCS) 3.8.1 Ozone Depletion Process3.9 Noise Pollution 3.9.1 Noise Sources3.9.2 Industrial Noise3.9.3 Important Relations for Sound/Noise measurement3.9.4 Noise Control Techniques3.9.5 Noise related calculations3.9.6 Noise Threshold Limits3.10 Vibrations3.11 Dust 3.11.1 Conditions for dust to become nuisance3.11.2 Factors Affecting the Degree of Health Risk3.11.3 Physiological Effects of Dusts3.11.4 Sources of Dust3.11.5 Control of Dust 3.12 Particulate Matter (PM)3.12.1 Grouping particulate matter3.13 Air samples3.14 Remedial measures3.15 Concluding remarks3.16 Questions3.17 Reference 4. WATER POLLUTION 4.1 Introduction4.1.1 Water Cycle 4.2 Worldwide Water Resources - Some Facts4.3 Water Quality Standards (WQS)4.3.1 Water quality standards based on receiving environment 4.4 Groundwater 4.4.1 Sources and routes for groundwater contamination4.5 Water use4.5.1 Industry4.5.2 Mining 4.5.3 Agriculture 4.6 Water Pollution 4.6.1 Point sources of pollution4.6.2 Non-point sources of pollution4.6.3 Types of Water Pollutants 4.6.3.1 Biological Agents4.6.3.2 Toxic Substance4.6.3.3 Organic Substance4.6.3.4 Thermal Pollution4.6.4 Natural Pollution 4.6.4.1 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 4.6.4.2 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 4.6.4.3 Hardness4.6.4.4 Acidity 4.6.4.5 Alkalinity4.6.4.6 Colors4.6.4.7 Radio active4.6.4.8 Oils & Petrochemicals4.6.4.9 Red tide4.7 Sewage 4.7.1 Suspended or sedimentary solids4.7.2 Polluted Municipality water4.8 Marine Pollution4. 9 Water in Subsurface (Underground) Areas 4.9.1 The Main Sources of Water4.9.2 Effects of Subsurface Water4.10 Acid Mine Drainage 4.10.1 Chemistry4.10.2 Yellow boy4.11 Case study: Water pollution due to Mining, Petroleum Products’ handling and Industrial activities. 4.11.1 Study Areas 4.11.2 Sample collection and preparation4.11.3 Observations4.11.4 Inference drawn - Physical and Chemical Properties4.11.5 Heavy-Metal Concentration 4.11.6 Conclusion4. 12 Bottle Water4.13 Concluding remarks4.14 Questions 4. 15 References 5. SOLID INDUSTRIAL WASTE & LAND DEGRADATION 5.1 Introduction5.2 Classification5.2.1 Non-hazardous wastes 5.2.2 Hazardous wastes5.3 The Growth of Waste 5.3.1 The Waste problems5.3.2 Life Style5.4 Methods of Waste Disposal5.4.1 Source reduction5.4.2 Reuse5.4.3 Recycling of Waste5.4.4 Treatment 5.4.4.1 Incineration5.4.5 Responsible disposal 5.4.5.1 Landfill5.5 Land Degradation due to Industrial or Domestic Waste Disposal 5.5.1 Land Degradation5.5.2 Soil degradation / Pollution5.6 Waste Generation & its Management in Mining & Excavation (Civil) Industries - Some Basics5.6.1 Surface Excavations / Mining 5.6.2 Dumping Site5.7 Waste Management in Petroleum Industry - A Case Study 5.7.1 Waste Management5.7.2 Waste in petroleum industry 5.7.2.1 Audit 5.7.2.2 Waste Management Plan 5.7.2.3 Waste Consignment Note 5.7.3 Waste minimization 5.7.4 Inventory Management 5.7.5 Improved Operation 5.7.6 Material Substitution 5.7.7 Equipment Modifications 5.7.8 Waste Reuse5.7.9 Waste Recycle 5.7.10 Waste Treatment5.7.11 Incineration5.7.12 Waste Disposal5.8 Tips for Reducing Solid Waste (as advised by EPA)5.9 A classic example from Lord Budha’s Disciple 5.10 Concluding remarks5.11 Questions5.12 References 6. INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS 6.1 Industrial Hazards6.1.1 List of hazards 6.1.2 Disaster6.1.3 Health risk6.2 Fires6.2.1 The Fire Triangle Concept 6.2.2 Concepts - Mechanism of fire6.2.3 Ignitions sources of major fires6.2.4 Classification of fires 6.2.5 Fire Protection 6.2.6 Fire And Emergency6.2.7 Fixed Fire Fighting Equipment 6.2.8 Fire Fighting Department 6.2.8.1 Introduction6.2.8.2 Functions6.3 Explosions6.3.1 Classification 6.3.1.1 Mechanical 6.3.1.2 Detonation, Deflagration and Shockwaves 6.3.1.3 Confined & Unconfined Explosions 6.3.1.4 Air blast 6.3.1.5 Pressure Vessel Raptures (over pressure)6.3.1.6 Rock burst and Bumps6.3.1.7 Vapor Cloud Explosions (VCE)6.3.1.8 Physical explosion or eruption 6.3.1.9 Methane and Coal Dust Explosions6.3.1.10 Sulfide dust explosions6.3.1.11 Explodable dusts6.4 Dow index to assess degree of Hazards 6.5 Incidents responsible for onset of hazards and also accidents 6.5.1 Spillage – which could be caused by6.5.2 Leakage - which could be caused by6.5.3 Unintended venting 6.5.4 Failures at normal working pressure 6.5.6 Equipment failure due to excessive pressure 6.6 Losses in Chemical Industry due to fires and explosions6.7 Hazards with flammable liquids, and precautions6.8 Static hazards associated with Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil mixture (ANFO) loading6.9 Toxic6.9.1 Asphyxiate gases 6.9.2 Irritant gases 6.9.3 Poisonous gases6.9.4 Portal of Entry6.9.5 Remedial measures6.9.6 Toxicology6.9.7 Summary: Classification - Toxicity Related Hazards 6.10 Hazards while using machinery 6.11 Hazards: Surface or Subsurface (Underground) Mines6.12 Classification of Hazardous Materials6.12.1 Explosive Materials6.12.2 Compressed Gases6.12.3 Flammable liquids and solids6.12.4 Chemically Reactive Materials6.12.5 Corrosive Material 6.12.6 Flammable solids6.12.7 Controlled Materials 6.12.8 Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System (WHMIS)6.13 Hazards Analysis Methods 6.14 Inherent Safer Design Strategies 6.14.1 Minimize 6.14.2 Substitute / Elimination 6.14.3 Moderate6.14.4 Simplify 6.14.5 Location/ Sitting / Transportation6.14.6 Change to Inherent Safety Strategy 6.15 Breat

Ratan Raj Tatiya