Electron Emission Spectroscopy Proceedings of the NATO Summer Institute Held at the University of Gent, August 28–September 7, 1972

Electron emission spectroscopy became recently a major tool for the study of molecules and solids. These volumes contain a rather complete review of the state of the art in this field. Both the physical and chemical aspects are covered extensively by well­ known specialists. Different modes of excitation are used in electron emission spec­ troscopy. The electron-solid scattering is covered in detail by C. B. Duke, from a theoretical point of view. Elastic and inelastic low energy electron diffraction are extensively discussed in relation to the geometrical, electronic and vibronic structure of solid surfaces. Auger electron emission spectroscopy (AES) is covered by J. C. Tracy. The tech­ nique is discussed from the point of view of surface research. This part also contains a complete literature list concerning the application of AES up to the middle of 1972. Electron emission produced by X-ray impact, is covered by C. S. Fadley, D. T. Clark, R. P. Gupta and S. K. Sen. The contribution by C. S. Fadley, entitled Theoretical Aspects of X-Ray Photo­ electron Spectroscopy', is an up to date discussion of core electron binding energies, valence electron binding energies, multiplet splittings and multi-electron processes. R. P. Gupta and S. K. Sen's contribution provides an introduction to crystal field theory and its application to electron energy level determination. D. T. Clark deals with the more chemical aspects of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, i.e. the study of chemical shifts and the relation to the bonding characteristics in molecules.

Electron Scattering by Solids.- 1. The Structure of Solid Surfaces.- 2. Elastic Electron-Solid Scattering: General Features.- 3. Elastic Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (ELEED).- 4. Surface Crystallography.- 5. Inelastic Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (ILEED).- 6. Synopsis.- Theoretical Aspects of X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Core Electron Binding Energies.- 3. Valence Electron Binding Energies.- 4. Multiplet Splittings and Multi-Electron Processes.- 5. Relative Intensities and Angular Distributions.- Crystal Field Theory and Calculation of the Inner Shell Vacancy Levels.- 1. Crystal Electric Potential.- 2. Multiplet Splitting in Crystalline Potential.- 3. Sternheimer Effect.- Molecular Photoelectron Spectroscopy.- 1. Historical Development.- 2. Instruments.- 3. Diatomic Molecules: Photoelectron Spectra and Potential Energy Diagrams.- 4. Intensities in Photoelectron Spectra.- 5. Polyatomic Molecules.- 6. Vibrational Structure of the Photoelectron Bands.- 7. Theoretical Calculation of Orbital Energies.- 8. Approximate Calculation of Orbital Energies.- 9. The Study of Large Molecules with Molecular Photoelectron Spectroscopy.- 10. The Dissociation of the Molecular Ion.- Auger Electron Spectroscopy for Surface Analysis.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Secondary Electron Energy Distributions.- 3. The Auger Process.- 4. Electron Excitation of Auger Spectra.- 5. Experimental Considerations.- 6. Auger Spectroscopy for Surface Analysis.- Bibliography compiled by D. T. Hawkins.- Chemical Aspects of ESCA.- 1. Introduction to ESCA, Applications to Chemical Analysis and Surface Studies.- 2. Application of ESCA to Studies of Structure and Bonding in Organic Molecules.- 3. Application of ESCA to Studies of Structure and Bonding in Inorganic Chemistry.- 4. Application of ESCA to Structure and Bonding in Polymers.