Deviant Behavior

Deviant behavior is not a subject that you study in school and then file away. It is a study of life and is ever changing. Defining the concept of deviant behavior is one of the most difficult tasks to overcome when studying the subject. Sociologists probably disagree more over the meaning of deviant behavior than any other subject. Deviant Behavior is an easy-to-read text that defines and explains the concepts and issues involved in the study of deviant behavior. The book begins by exploring the nature and definition of deviance. It discusses why certain conduct is labeled as deviant and some is not. It examines the two major perspectives on what constitutes deviance—positivism and constructionism. It goes on to look at the various theoretical explanations for deviant behavior, including free will or lack thereof, rational choice, social control, cultural transmission, strain theories, and biological and psychological explanations. The book provides an in-depth explanation of the many categories of deviant behavior—interpersonal violence, self-destructive behavior, family violence, business and organized crime, governmental deviance, cybercrimes, and human trafficking and commercial sex. The authors take an international approach and emphasize that what is deviant in one culture may not be deviant in another. To aid understanding, each chapter concludes with a detailed summary, review questions, and definitions of the relevant key terms.

PrefaceAbout the AuthorsWhat Is Deviant Behavior?Chapter ObjectivesIntroductionDefining Deviance and Deviant BehaviorWorking SolutionFaces of DeviancePositivist PerspectiveConstructionist PerspectiveDeconstruction of DevianceNormative and Situational PerspectivesPositive DevianceSocial RulesSocial ControlsNormsSocializationSanctionsDeviance as a Shifting ConceptUtility of Deviant BehaviorPolitics and DevianceBehavior AssessmentUndetected DevianceTolerable and AcceptableDimensions of DevianceOverview of Deviance TheoriesAre Deviants Different?Study of Deviance as a Separate DisciplinePracticumSummaryQuestions in ReviewKey TermsOrganizations and Websites of InterestEndnotesTheoretical ExplanationsChapter ObjectivesFree Will or Lack of Free WillFree Will Concept of the Classical SchoolLack of Free WillSocial DeterminismRational Choice ExplanationsSocial Control TheoriesSocial DisorganizationConcentric Zone TheoryCultural Transmission TheorySymbolic InteractionismDifferential AssociationDifferential Association Reinforcement TheoryStrain TheoriesRobert MertonBiological ExplanationsBody Type TheoriesChromosomal AbnormalityPsychological ExplanationsIntelligencePersonalityImpulse Control DisorderAggressionAntisocial Personality DisorderRoutine ActivityPracticumSummaryQuestions in ReviewKey TermsEndnotesConstructionist ApproachesChapter ObjectivesConstructionist PerspectivesLabeling TheoryLooking-Glass SelfFrank TannenbaumEdwin LemertHoward BeckerErving GoffmanDavid MatzaLabeling Process in Nondeviant Behavior SituationsProcess of Labeling BehaviorCritiques of Labeling TheoryModified Labeling TheoryHard and Soft LabelingConflict and Critical TheoriesKarl MarxC. Wright MillsAlan SearsCritical TheoriesWilliam ChamblissGeorge VoldNew CriminologyControlologyPracticumSummaryQuestions in ReviewEndnotesInterpersonal ViolenceChapter ObjectivesIntroductionViolenceInterpersonal ViolenceHuman Capital ApproachHomicideCriminal HomicideMurderVoluntary ManslaughterInvoluntary ManslaughterEuthanasiaSuicideSexual AssaultRapeConsentRape Shield LawsSpousal RapeStalkingHate CrimesPracticumSummaryQuestions in ReviewKey TermsEndnotesSelf-Destructive DevianceChapter ObjectivesIntroductionSuicideDurkheimSociological Risk FactorsThreatening to Commit SuicideSuicide AttemptsAssisting a Person to Commit SuicidePreventing SuicideTheoretical Explanations of SuicideEmile DurkheimAndrew Henry and James ShortInterpersonal–Psychological Theory of Suicidal BehaviorInterpersonal Theory of SuicideDrugs and Alcohol AbuseAlcohol AbuseWar on DrugsEating DisordersAnorexia NervosaBulimia NervosaEating Disorder MythsSelf-Inflicted ViolencePoor Personal Health HabitsSmokingIs Sitting the New Smoking?Killing OurselvesDiverse LifestylesPracticumSummaryQuestions in ReviewKey TermsUnacceptable Terms and DefinitionsEndnotesFamily Violence and DevianceChapter ObjectivesIntroductionRelationship ViolenceMyths About Family ViolenceIntimate Partner ViolenceWhy Is Family Violence So Common?Who Are the Victims of Family Violence?What About the Batterer?Why Batter?Dating ViolenceWhat Causes Family Violence?Intergenerational Transmission of ViolenceSocial StressStrain TheoriesPowerMarital DependencyAlcoholMarriageSelf-ControlSocial Learning TheoryFeminist TheorySubculture of ViolencePsychopathological TheorySociocultural Model of Family ViolenceExchange TheoryParent AbuseLaw Enforcement Response to Family ViolenceCivil Protective OrdersWho Can Get a CPO?Problem With CPOsMandatory ArrestsThe Duty of Law Enforcement to Come to the RescuePracticumSummaryQuestions in ReviewKey TermsEndnotesSocial Inequality and Deviance IssuesChapter ObjectivesIntroductionEquality for WomenRacial EqualityEconomic InequalityEconomics of Unauthorized MigrationInequality and Law EnforcementInequality and CrimeCrime and Incarceration in the United StatesIncome and CrimeStructured InequalityBehavior of LawSummaryQuestions in ReviewKey TermsEndnotesPhysical and Mental Differences as DevianceChapter ObjectivesIntroductionStigmaStereotype ThreatPhysical AppearanceTattoosPrison TattoosPhysical DisabilityAmericans With Disabilities Act of 1990Individuals With Disabilities Education ActFair Housing ActAir Carrier Access ActThe Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978Mental IllnessGeneticsBiologyOther ConditionsNarcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD)NarcissismSchizophreniaPosttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)Long-Term Crisis ReactionDevelopmental DisabilityInsanityLegal Tests for InsanityDiminished ResponsibilityIntoxicationPracticumSummaryQuestions in ReviewKey TermsEndnotesBusiness and Organized CrimeChapter ObjectivesIntroductionWhite-Collar CrimesEdwin H. SutherlandTheories on CausationOrganizational NeedsRoutine Activity TheorySituational Crime Prevention TheoryStructural Dimensions of OpportunityMoney LaunderingInsider TradingPunishment for White-Collar or Business Crime OffensesOrganized CrimeCriminal Gangs and Drug CartelsCriminal GangsDrug CartelsMafiaSicilian MafiaAmerican MafiaPracticumSummaryQuestions in ReviewKey TermsEndnotesGovernmental DevianceChapter ObjectivesIntroductionBribery and Illegal GratuityElements of Bribery and Illegal GratuitiesPublic Official or WitnessValueOfficial Act RequirementProsecution and Informant AgreementsIntentIntent Required to Establish BriberyIntent in Illegal Gratuity OffensesCriminal Conflict of InterestActs Affecting Financial InterestIllegal Outside Salaries for Federal EmployeesHonest Services FraudElection DevianceExplanation of Governmental DevianceLaw Enforcement DevianceEnvironmental CrimeSummaryQuestions in ReviewKey TermsEndnotesCybercrimesChapter ObjectivesIntroductionExtent of the ProblemCommon Cybercrime Fraud SchemesTips for Avoiding Internet Auction FraudTips for Avoiding Nondelivery of MerchandiseTips for Avoiding Credit Card FraudTips for Avoiding Investment FraudTips for Avoiding Business FraudExtortionNigerian Letter or 419 FraudTips for Avoiding the Nigerian Letter or 419 FraudCausationPreventing CybercrimeProsecution by CCIPSComputer-Related Criminal StatutesCyberbullyingCyberbullying SignsTips to Overcome CyberbullyingSummaryQuestions in ReviewKey TermsEndnotesHuman Trafficking and Commercial SexChapter ObjectivesHuman TraffickingWhat Constitutes Slavery?Where Does Trafficking Take Place?Who Are the Victims?Antislavery LegislationIndications of TraffickingSex TraffickingVictims of Sex TraffickingTypes of Sex TraffickingProstitutionWhy Do People Engage in Prostitution?Customers of ProstitutionSummaryQuestions in ReviewKey TermsEndnotesUnconventional Beliefs and BehaviorsChapter ObjectivesIntroductionSocial Belief SystemsDeviant Drinking BehaviorWorkplace DevianceComputer and Internet AddictionWho Becomes Addicted?The Addiction ProcessDiagnostic CriteriaParanormalAbnormal Religious PracticesSummaryQuestions in ReviewKey TermsEndnotesIndex

Cliff Roberson is professor emeritus of criminal justice at Washburn University, Topeka, Kansas, and a retired professor of criminology at California State University, Fresno. He previously served as editor in chief of the international police journals Police Practices and Research and Professional Issues in Criminal Justice Journal. He is also an adjunct professor for Kaplan University. He has authored or coauthored more than 60 books and texts on legal subjects. His previous academic experiences include associate vice president for academic affairs, Arkansas Tech University; dean of arts and sciences, University of Houston, Victoria; director of programs, National College of District Attorneys; professor of criminology and director of the Justice Center, California State University, Fresno; and assistant professor of criminal justice, St. Edwards University. Elena Azaola is professor emeritus at the Center for Advanced Studies and Research in Social Anthropology located in Mexico City. She earned a PhD in anthropology and did her postgraduate study on deviant behavior at Columbia University. She is also a psychoanalyst. Dr. Azaola is presently Mexico’s representative to the Human Rights Commission. In addition, she was an advisor with the National Commission of Human Rights and a council member at the Federal District Commission of Human Rights. She coordinated the European Commission project for street children in Mexico (1999–2003). Dr. Azaola has published more than 125 journal articles and numerous books on human behavior, crime, and human rights. Her research on the commercial sexual exploitation of children was sponsored by the United Nations Children Fund.