Acknowledgements, Editions and abbreviations, 1. Introduction, 2. Descartes and Substance, 3. Spinoza and Substance, 4. Leibniz and Substance, 5. Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz, and Extended Substance, 6. Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz, and the Mechanics of Extended Substance, 7. Causation, Occasionalism and Force, 8. Descartes, Spinoza, and Leibniz, and Thinking Substance, 9. Extended Substance and Thinking Substance related: ‘the nature of the union between body and mind’, 10. Uncreated and Created Substance: God and the World, Bibliography, Index