Cortical Spreading Depression of Leao From Mitochondrial Function to Brain Metabolic Score (BMS)

This book focuses on energy metabolism and brain functions related to Cortical Spreading Depression of Leao (CSD), an important issue in brain pathophysiology. The first part of the book offers a comprehensive overview of the history and early research on CSD, and then discusses the recent advances in the technology used to map and monitor brain mitochondrial NADH redox state and other physiological functions during CSD. The chapters explore the connection between CSD and mitochondrial function under hypoxia, Ischemia and various drugs treatment, and provide a resource to scientists researching the development of CSD during various brain pathophysiological conditions.

This book is essential to scientists and students working in the field of bioenergetics of the brain and various organs and tissues in the body. The use of this technology is also crucial and applicable in the neuroscience field.

Preface

Front Matter- Introduction and Historical Background

Leão’s Cortical Spreading Depression (CSD)

       Aristides Leão-life History

       The Discovery of the “Spreading Depression”

       Back to Brazil

       Conclusion

       Aristides Leão -The 4 Seminal Publications (1944-1947)

       Oxygen Homeostasis in Tissues

       The Discovery of Oxygen

       The Discovery of the Mitochondrial Function

        Monitoring of Mitochondrial Function In Vivo

  Brain Energy Metabolism and Mitochondrial Function During CSD

1.    Basic Principles and Technology of NADH and Multiparametric Monitoring Used in Studying Cortical Spreading Depression (CSD)

1.1    Introduction

1.2    From NADH Monitoring to Multiparametric Monitoring Systems

1.2.1      Fiber Optic Based Fluorometer/Reflectometer

1.2.2      Simultaneous Monitoring of NADH by DC-Fluorometer Reflectometer Together with Monitoring of Systemic Blood Pressure and Electro Cortical Activity (ECoG)

1.2.3      Simultaneous Monitoring of NADH together with Extracellular K⁺, DC Steady Potential and ECoG

1.2.4      Monitoring of Brain NADH Together with Tissue pO­­­₂ and ECoG

1.2.5      Multiparametric Assembly for Recording of NADH, Extracellular K⁺, H⁺, DC Steady Potential and ECoG

1.2.5.1  Electrode Assembly

1.2.5.2  Correction for Local DC Biopotential

1.2.5.3 NADH Fluorescence Measurement

1.2.6      Monitoring of NADH, pO₂, Extracellular K⁺, DC and ECoG, Outside and Inside Hyperbaric Chamber

1.2.7      Simultaneous Real Time Monitoring of Brain NADH, HbO₂, ECoG, DC Potential, Extracellular K⁺ and Ca²⁺

1.2.8      Simultaneous Real Time Monitoring of Brain NADH, CBF, ECoG, DC Potential, Extracellular K⁺ and Ca²⁺

1.2.10   Multiparametric Monitoring of Neurosurgical Patients

1.2.11   Monitoring of the Mechanism of CSD Propagation

1.2.12   Multisite Monitoring of NADH and DC Potential in Rats Under Various Conditions

1.2.13   Multisite Multiparametric Monitoring of NADH, CBF and DC Potential in Rats Under Experimental Conditions

2.    Single Point and Multisite monitoring of Brain NADH Fluorescence Under CSD

2.2    Single Point Monitoring of NADH

2.4    Four Points Monitoring of NADH

3.    Sequence of Physiological Responses and Sequence of Events Recorded During the CSD Cycle

3.1    Introduction

3.2    Effects of CSD on Cerebral Blood Flow and Brain Oxygen Consumption

3.2.1 Introduction

3.2.2 Methods

3.2.3 Results

3.2.4 Discussion

3.3    Sequence of events recorded during the CSD cycle.

3.3.1      The Use of the MPA System

3.3.2      CSD Initiation and Contralateral Responses

3.3.3      Discussion

4.    Spontaneous Development of CSD Related to Brain Pathophysiological Condition

4.1    Introduction

4.2    During Anoxia, Hypoxia and Ischemia

4.3    During Exposure to Hyperbaric Hyperoxia (HBO)

4.3.1      First Study - HBO Effects on Mitochondrial NADH and ECoG

4.3.1.1     Introduction

4.3.1.2     Methodology

4.3.1.3     Results

4.3.1.4     Discussion

4.3.2      Second Study - Protection against Oxygen Toxicity by Trimethadione (TMO)

4.3.3      Third Study - Effects of CO₂ under HBO

4.3.4      Fourth Study - More Factors Affecting HBO Toxicity

4.3.4.1     Effects of Pressure Level

4.3.4.2     Effects of Age

4.3.4.3     Effects of Anti-Epileptic Drugs

4.3.5      Fifth Study - Multiparametric Monitoring of CSD Under HBO

4.3.5.1     Introduction

4.3.5.2     Methods

4.3.5.3     Results

4.3.5.4     Discussion

4.4    During Drug Induced Seizure Activity

4.5    Development of CSD During and After Traumatic Brain Injury

4.5.1      First Study - Development of the TBI Model

4.5.1.1     Introduction

4.5.1.2     Technological Aspects

4.5.1.3     Results

4.5.1.4     Discussion

4.5.2      Second Study - Level of ICP and CSD after TBI

4.5.2.1     Introduction

4.5.2.2     Methods

4.5.2.3     Results

4.5.2.4     Discussion

5.    The Effects of Brain Metabolic and Other Perturbations on the Responses to Induced CSD

5.1.   Effect of Oxygen Availability

5.1.1      Introduction

5.1.2      Effects of Hypoxia and Normobaric Hyperoxia

5.1.3      Responses to CSD Under Ischemia

5.1.4      Responses to CSD Under Partial Ischemia - Statistical Analysis

5.2    Effect of anesthesia on the responses to CSD

5.3    Effects of hypothermia on the responses to CSD

5.3.1      Introduction

5.3.2      Our studies

5.4    Responses to CSD in the Aging Rat

6.    Effects of Pharmacological Agents on CSD

6.1.1 First Study - Hyperbaric Oxygenation and CO Intoxication

6.1.1.2     Methods

6.1.2      Second Study-Multiparametric Monitoring During CO Exposure

6.1.2.1     Introduction

6.1.2.3    

Dr. Avraham Mayevsky is a Professor Emeritus in The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and the Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center at Bar-Ilan University in Ramat-Gan, Israel.

Dr Avraham Mayevsky's field of research since they started their Post-Doc training with Prof. Britton Chance in 1972, was Energy metabolism, including mitochondrial function in vivo, of the brain mainly and other tissues In Vivo, exposed to various pathophysiological conditions. During the 50 years of activity they were able to accomplish a large number of goals that have a very significant impact on the understanding of pathophysiological processes in the brain and other organs evaluated under In Vivo conditions. His vision was to develop experimental approaches and tools that will enable them to study various physiological processes in experimental animals and at the same time, will be ready for clinical applications. During the years Dr Mayevsky's laboratory published more than 60 papers dealing with the subject of Cortical Spreading Depression of Leao (CSD). 

Dr. Judith Sonn was a part of the Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and the Leslie and Susan Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center at Bar-Ilan University in Ramat-Gan, Israel, for 45 years and retired in 2017.

After graduation, Dr Judith Sonn was a laboratory Manager in Prof. Joseph Kedem’s laboratory, which investigated the physiology of the cardiovascular system. She continued to study for the master’s degree under the supervision of Professor Kedem. The M.Sc. thesis (1979, Summa Cum Laude) was "Oxygen Balance in the Myocardium". This research approach helped to evaluate the myocardial oxygen balance In-Vivo which was described in about 15 articles.

In 1991 Dr Judith Sonn joined Professor Avraham Mayevsky’s research team and as a Ph.D. student under his Supervision. The Doctoral dissertation (1996) was “Effect of Spreading Depression on the Interrelation Between Brain Energy Metabolism and Ion Homeostasis In-Vivo”.  During that time, they published 28 articles on the CSD subject.