Concise Optics Concepts, Examples, and Problems

This introductory text is a reader friendly treatment of geometrical and physical optics emphasizing problems and solved examples with detailed analysis and helpful commentary. The authors are seasoned educators with decades of experience teaching optics. Their approach is to gradually present mathematics explaining the physical concepts. It covers ray tracing to the wave nature of light, and introduces Maxwell’s equations in an organic fashion. The text then moves on to explains how to analyze simple optical systems such as spectacles for improving vision, microscopes, and telescopes, while also being exposed to contemporary research topics. Ajawad I. Haija is a professor of physics at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. M. Z. Numan is professor and chair of the department of physics at Indiana University of Pennsylvania. W. Larry Freeman is Emeritus Professor of Physics at Indiana University of Pennsylvania.

Part I. Introduction 1. Light: Its Nature and History of Study 1.1 Introduction1.2 Light-The Core of Optics1.3 Plane Waves 1.4 Energy And Momentum of Electromagnetic Waves Part II. Geometrical Optics of Light 2. Reflection and Refraction 2.1 Introduction2.2 Reflection2.3 Image Formation Via Reflection2.4 Refraction2.5 Image Formation Via Refraction 3. Paraxial Rays and Lenses 3.1 Introduction3.2 Thin lenses - Kinds and Shapes3.3 Image Formation in Thin Lenses3.4 Lens Equation3.5 Newtonian Form for an Object-Image Relationship in Thin lenses3.6 Power and Vergence of a Thin Lens3.7 Combination of Lenses 4. Matrix Optics for Paraxial Rays 4.1 Introduction4.2 Translation Matrix4.3 Refraction Matrix 4.4 Multi Operation Matrix- Lenses4.5 Thick Lens - Revisited4.6 Effective Matrix of an Optical System– Further Analysis Part III. Wave Optics 5. Light Waves, Properties, and Propagation 5.1 Introduction5.2 Maxwell’s Equations5.3 Wave Equation5.4 Types and Properties of Electromagnetic Wave Equations5.5 Electromagnetic Wave Equation in Dielectrics5.6 The Photon Flux Density 6. Light Waves, Coherence, Superposition, and Interference 6.1 Introduction6.2 Superposition of Two Waves6.3 Superposition of Multiple Waves of Arbitrary Phases6.4 Superposition of Two Waves of a slightly Different Frequency – Group Velocity6.5 Coherence, a Must Condition For Sustainable Interference 7. Double and Multiple Light Beam Interference 7.1 Introduction7.2 Young’s Double Slit Experiment7.3 Lloyd’s Mirror7.4 Newton’s rings7.5 Interference of Light in Thin Films7.6 Multiple Beam Interference7.7 Fringes of Equal Inclination – Fizeau Fringes7.8 Michelson Interferometer 8. Diffraction I. Fraunhofer Diffraction 8.1 Introduction8.2 Setup of Single Slit Diffraction8.3 Double Slit Diffraction8.4 Diffraction Gratings8.5 Resolution and Resolving Power 9. Diffraction II: Fresnel Diffraction 9.1 Introduction9.2 Lay Out and Assumptions - Obliquity Factor9.3 Huygens – Fresnel Diffraction9.4 Fresnel Diffraction for a Rectangular Aperture – Fresnel Zone Structure 10. Optics of Multilayer Systems 10.1 Introduction10.2 Basic Theory - Dielectric Layer10.3 Extension to Mutlilayer Structures- Characteristic Matrix Technique, CMT10.4 Ultra-Thin Single Film10.5 Analytic Formulas for Reflectivity and Transmissivity of Absorbing Layers 11. Polarization 11.1 Introduction11.2 Basic Theory11.3 States of Polarization11.4 Various processes of Polarization11.5 Propagation of Light Waves in Double Refracting Materials11.6 Wavefronts and Refraction of Rays in Birefringent Materials 12. Fourier Optics 12.1 Introduction12.2 Periodic Functions and Fourier Series12.3 Important Integrals12.4 Complex Form of Fourier Series12.5 Fourier Transform12.6 Relevance of Fourier Transform to Diffraction 13. Photonics 13.1 Introduction13.2 Classical Physics and Radiation – The Foundation of Modern Photonics13.3 Some Natural Photonics13.4 Human Engineered Photonic Systems Appendices A –TrigonometryB – Complex NumbersC – Mathematical Operators-Cartesian and Spherical Coordinates D – MatricesE – Physical ConstantsF– Examples on Fresnel Diffraction Done on MathematicaFG- Solution of Selected Examples from Ch. 10 Using Excel. Linear Algebra-Matrices H – Mathematical Expansions and Series

Ajawad I. Haija attended the University of Alexandria in Egypt, where he received his B.Sc. degree in 1968 with distinction, first honor. He received his Ph.D. (1971-1977) at Pennsylvania State University in 1977. In 2000, he moved to the United States and joined the Indiana University of Pennsylvania. He is currently on the physics faculty, where he conducts research on the properties of thin multilayer structures and super-lattices. In 2014 Dr. Haija was awarded the Distinguished Faculty Award for Teaching, 2013–2014, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, IUP. A. J. Haija is a former member of New York Academy of Sciences and a current member of the American Physical Society. M. Z. Numan hails from Bangladesh, where he received his B.Sc. (Hons.) and M.Sc. degrees in physics from Dhaka University. He received his Ph.D. from The College of William and Mary in Virginia in 1982. He taught at Virginia Commonwealth University in Richmond, Virginia, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Indiana University of Pennsylvania, where he is currently the chair of the department of physics. His research focused on materials modification and characterization using ion implantation, back scattering and channeling; optical and electrical characterization of metallic multi-layers and semiconductor materials; light harvesting through silicon micro and nano structures. W. Larry Freeman was born and grew up in South Carolina, USA, and earned his B.Sc. in physics from Appalachian State University in 1969. Dr. Freeman received his Ph.D. From Clemson University in 1976 where his dissertation explored quantum size effects in thin Bismuth films at low temperatures. After leaving Clemson University and teaching high school and technical college, he returned to Clemson on a post-doctoral position. He joined the US Naval Intelligence service in 1978, and was moved to the US Army Night Vision and Electro-Optics Laboratory in 1980 where he was heavily involved with the development of solid-state materials used for the detection of radiation in the infrared radiation wavelength range. He was instrumental in developing nondestructive testing and characterization as well as fabrication techniques for the manufacturing of solid-state infrared detector arrays. Dr. Freeman moved to Indiana University of Pennsylvania in 1984 where he taught graduate and undergraduate courses in physics. He retired from IUP in 2010 and currently holds the position of Emeritus Professor of Physics. He maintains his memberships in the American Physical Society and American Association of Physics Teachers.