Chronic Inflammation Molecular Pathophysiology, Nutritional and Therapeutic Interventions

Although acute inflammation is a healthy physiological response indicative of wound healing, chronic inflammation has been directly implicated in a wide range of degenerative human health disorders encompassing almost all present day non-communicable diseases including autoimmune diseases, obesity, diabetes and atherosclerosis. Chronic Inflammation: Molecular Pathophysiology, Nutritional and Therapeutic Interventions provides an exposition of the process of chronic inflammation in three parts: Systems Biology of Inflammation and Regulatory Mechanisms describes the process of chronic inflammation including initiation, progression, and resolution. Pathologies Associated with Inflammation gives a rigorous and critical treatment of specific human health disorders where chronic inflammation plays a major role. Nutrition & Therapeutics for Inflammatory Diseases details the protective abilities of structurally diverse antioxidants, phytochemicals, anti-inflammatory diets, omega-3 fatty acids, NSAIDs, disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, and novel regimens. Designed for scientists as well as clinicians, Chronic Inflammation provides critical understanding of the key checkpoints that regulate chronic inflammation. Going beyond the epidemiology of chronic inflammation, the text covers regulatory mechanisms controlling inflammation initiation, progression, and resolution. The authors address pathologies associated with inflammation and provide various nutritional and therapeutic interventions for inflammatory diseases.

SECTION I Systems Biology of Inflammation and Regulatory MechanismsAt the Interface between Acute and Chronic Inflammation: Insights from Computational ModelingYoram VodovotzInflammation in Health and Disease: A Robust, Adaptive, Multiscale SystemInflammation Is a Complex System with Context-Dependent Regulation: Insights from Computational ModelingFrom Wound Healing to Cancer: Modeling Interrelationships among Acute Inflammation, Chronic Inflammation, and CancerFrom Modeling to Rational Reprogramming of InflammationSummary: Clinical and Basic Science PerspectivesConclusions and Future DirectionsTake-Home MessagesAcknowledgmentsReferencesThe Cellular Component of Chronic InflammationJulie Roda and Tim EubankWhat is Chronic Inflammation?The Cellular Component of Chronic InflammationTake-Home MessagesReferencesMast Cells in Chronic InflammationTraci A. Wilgus and Brian C. WulffMast Cell BiologyPhysiological FunctionsPathological Role in Chronic Inflammatory DiseasesConclusions and Future DirectionsTake-Home MessagesReferencesHypoxia and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor in InflammationKiichi HirotaInflammationInteraction between Hypoxic Environment and InflammationCanonical Signaling Pathway to Hypoxia-Inducible Factor ActivationOxygen Tension-Independent Activation of HIFCross Talk between NF-?B and HIF Immunocompetent Cells and HIF Impact of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs on HIF ActivityInflammatory Disorders and HIFConclusions and Future DirectionsTake-Home MessagesReferencesBioactive Phospholipid Mediators of InflammationSainath R. Kotha, Jordan D. Secor, Smitha Malireddy, and Narasimham L. ParinandiSalient Features of InflammationMediators of InflammationPhosphatidic Acid (PA) as a Bioactive Phospholipid Mediator of InflammationLysophosphatidic Acid (LPA) as a Bioactive Phospholipid Mediator of InflammationConclusions and Future DirectionsTake-Home MessagesAcknowledgementsReferencesHematopoietic Stem Cells in Atherosclerotic Development and ResolutionReeva Aggarwal, Vincent J. Pompili, and Hiranmoy DasIntroductionHSC Regulation of Self-RenewalDifferentiation of HSCsDevelopment of AtherosclerosisTherapies for AtherosclerosisDevelopment of Ischemia and TherapyConclusions and PerspectivesTake-Home MessagesAcknowledgmentsReferencesInflammation as a Confounding Factor in Regenerative MedicineMyron Allukian and Kenneth W. LiechtyInflammationCellsExtracellular MatrixConclusions and Future DirectionsTake-Home PointsReferencesNOx in the CNS: Inflammation and BeyondAnnadora J. Bruce-KellerNOx History and StructureCell Type Specific Expression and Function in BrainPhysiologic Mechanisms of NOx SignalingConclusions and Unanswered QuestionsTake-Home MessagesReferencesResolution of InflammationAmitava Das and Sashwati RoyIntroductionCascades of Wound HealingResolution of InflammationRole of Micrornas in InflammationLinking Micrornas and Lipid Mediators in Resolution of InflammationTake-Home MessagesReferencesH2S in InflammationHyun-Ock Pae and Hun-Taeg ChungIntroductionDynamic Interplay of H2S with NO and CO in Inflammatory ConditionsJanus Face of H2S: Its Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory EffectsPerspectivesTake-Home MessagesAcknowledgementsReferencesSECTION II Pathologies Associated with InflammationIs There a Connection between Inflammation and Oxidative Stress?Chandrakala Aluganti Narasimhulu, Xueting Jiang, Zhaohui Yang, Krithika Selvarajan, and Sampath ParthasarathyIntroductionAtherosclerosisOxidative Stress and AtherosclerosisInflammation and AtherosclerosisWould Anti-Inflammatories and Antioxidants Prevent Atherosclerosis?ConclusionsTake-Home MessagesAcknowledgementsReferencesChronic Inflammation and Cancer: A Matter of LifestyleSubash C. Gupta, Ji Hye Kim, Sahdeo Prasad, and Bharat B. AggarwalWhat Is Inflammation?Regulation of Inflammation at the Molecular LevelLifestyle Factors That Activate InflammationHow Inflammation Causes CancerControlling Inflammation and CancerConclusion and Future DirectionsTake-Home MessagesAcknowledgmentsReferencesChronic Wounds and InflammationJaideep Banerjee and Chandan K. SenIntroductionMost Common Types of Chronic WoundsPhases of HealingWound Inflammatory ResponseExcess Inflammation is Associated with Impaired Wound HealingMicroRNAs in Chronic InflammationBiofi lm and Chronic Wound InflammationConclusion and Future DirectionsTake-Home MessagesReferencesMultiphasic Roles for TGF-Beta in Scarring: Implications for Therapeutic InterventionPraveen R. Arany, George X. Huang, and Woo Seob KimIntroductionEtiopathogenesis of Scar GenerationTGF-ß1 as a Plausible Link Targeting TGF-ß1 in Scar ManagementConclusions and Future DirectionsTake-Home MessagesReferencesNatural Vitamin E Tocotrienol against Neuroinflammation and Oxidative StressCameron Rink and Savita KhannaCentral Nervous System ImmunologyTocotrienol Vitamin EArachidonic Acid Cascade in NeuroInflammatory DiseaseConclusion and Future DirectionsTake-Home MessagesReferencesInflammatory Cascades in Autoimmune DiseaseAmita Aggarwal and Arpita MylesIntroductionRheumatoid ArthritisTake-Home MessagesReferencesShear Stress and Vascular Inflammation: A Study in the LungJohn Noel and Shampa ChatterjeeIntroductionHaemodynamic Forces and the Quiescent and Activated EndotheliumDisturbed Flow and Inflammatory Responses of Endothelial CellsInflammation in the Pulmonary EndotheliumThe Pulmonary Endothelium as a Therapeutic TargetConclusionsTake-Home MessagesReferencesNGF and Its Receptor System in Inflammatory DiseasesAnupam Mitra, Smriti K. Raychaudhuri, and Siba P. RaychaudhuriNeurogenic InflammationNGF and Its ReceptorNGF and Its Role in Inflammatory CascadeRole of NGF in Different Inflammatory DiseasesConclusionsTake-Home MessagesReferencesSECTION III Nutrition & Therapeutics for Inflammatory DiseasesInflammation, Oxidative Stress, and AntioxidantsNaveen Kaushal, Vivek Narayan, Ujjawal H. Gandhi, Shakira M. Nelson,Anil Kumar Kotha, and K. Sandeep PrabhuIntroductionROS Mediated Oxidative Stress as Source of InflammationAntioxidants as Anti-Inflammatory AgentsTrace Elements as AntioxidantsSummary and Future DirectivesAcknowledgmentsTake-Home MessagesReferencesLipid Biomarkers of InflammationGinger L. MilneIntroductionProstaglandins and InflammationLeukotrienes and InflammationNonenzymatic Lipid Peroxidation: The IsoprostanesConclusions and Future DirectionsTake-Home MessagesReferencesPhysical Activity and Inflammation: An OverviewEdite Teixeira de Lemos and Flávio ReisThe State of Low-Grade Inflammation—Healthy SignificanceThe Anti-Inflammatory Nature of Physical ActivityExercise-Induced InflammationPhysical Activity for the Treatment of Low-Grade Inflammation in Cardiometabolic Disorders: Focus on Type 2 Diabetes MellitusConclusions and Future DirectionsTake-Home MessagesReferencesOmega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Inflammatory ProcessesPhilip C. CalderOmega-6 and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids—Naming, Biosynthesis, Sources, and IntakesOmega-6 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Cells Involved in InflammationArachidonic Acid Is a Precursor of Eicosanoid Mediators Involved in InflammationOmega-3 Fatty Acids and Lipid MediatorsOmega-3 Fatty Acids Decrease NFkB-Mediated Inflammatory SignalingEffects of EPA and DHA on T CellsOmega-3 Fatty Acids as a Therapeutic Option for Chronic InflammationConclusionsTake-Home MessagesReferencesAnti-Inflammatory Phytochemicals, Obesity, and Diabetes: An OverviewSrujana Rayalam, MaryAnne Della-Fera, and Clifton A. BaileIntroductionObesity and Diabetes as Major Public Health IssuesAdipose Tissue as a Secretory OrganRelationship between Obesity, Diabetes, and InflammationComplications of Obesity and DiabetesPhytochemicals in Obesity and DiabetesPerspectivesConclusions and Future DirectionsTake-Home MessagesReferencesAnti-Inflammatory Nutraceuticals and Herbal Medicines for the Management of Metabolic SyndromeGeorge Q. Li, Ka H. Wong, Antony Kam, Xian Zhou, Eshaifol A. Omar, Ali Alqahtani, Kong M. Li, Valentina Razmovski-Naumovski,

Sashwati Roy, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Department of Surgery and Director, Laser Capture Molecular Core in the College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus. Debasis Bagchi, PhD, is a Professor in the Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences at University of Houston, Texas. His research interests include free radicals, human diseases, carcinogenesis, pathophysiology, mechanistic aspects of cytoprotection by antioxidants, regulatory pathways in obesity, and gene expression. Siba P. Raychaudhuri, MD, is the Chief of the Rheumatology Division at the VA Medical Center in Sacramento, California, and a Clinical Assistant Professor in the Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology at the University of California, Davis. Dr. Raychaudhuri’s major research focus is to understand the molecular mechanisms of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.